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This episode includes AI-generated content.
00:00:00 --> 00:00:02 Anna: From nuclear powered satellites to a, uh,
00:00:02 --> 00:00:05 thruster that never runs out of fuel. This is
00:00:05 --> 00:00:06 Astronomy Daily.
00:00:06 --> 00:00:07 Avery: I'm Avery.
00:00:07 --> 00:00:10 Anna: And I'm anna. It's Wednesday, July 8,
00:00:10 --> 00:00:13 2026, and this is season five, episode
00:00:13 --> 00:00:14 135.
00:00:14 --> 00:00:17 Avery: Big show today, Anna. We've got a genuine
00:00:17 --> 00:00:20 technology first, a Kiwi engineering trick
00:00:20 --> 00:00:22 that sounds almost too clever to be true. A
00:00:22 --> 00:00:25 plot twist five years in the making, and for
00:00:25 --> 00:00:28 once, a story that isn't about our Southern
00:00:28 --> 00:00:29 Hemisphere listeners.
00:00:29 --> 00:00:31 Anna: That's right. Today we're tipping our hat to
00:00:31 --> 00:00:33 the northern half of our audience, who make
00:00:33 --> 00:00:35 up the bulk of our listeners, but don't
00:00:35 --> 00:00:38 always get a sky story written just for them.
00:00:38 --> 00:00:41 Avery: Plus, a serious look at planetary defense.
00:00:41 --> 00:00:43 And we close things out with an astronaut
00:00:43 --> 00:00:46 who's already planning his next chapter just
00:00:46 --> 00:00:47 weeks after circling the moon.
00:00:47 --> 00:00:49 Anna: Let's get into it, and let's start with a,
00:00:49 --> 00:00:51 uh, genuine first.
00:00:51 --> 00:00:54 On July 7, SpaceX's Transporter
00:00:54 --> 00:00:56 17 rideshare mission lifted off from
00:00:56 --> 00:00:59 Vandenberg Space force base, carrying 81
00:00:59 --> 00:01:02 payloads. And tucked along them was something
00:01:02 --> 00:01:04 that's never flown before on a commercial
00:01:04 --> 00:01:04 mission.
00:01:05 --> 00:01:08 Avery: This is the Bore cubesat, built by a Florida
00:01:08 --> 00:01:10 company called City Labs. And what makes it
00:01:10 --> 00:01:12 special is what's powering one of its
00:01:12 --> 00:01:14 payloads. A tiny nuclear battery.
00:01:15 --> 00:01:17 Anna: Now, before anyone pictures a miniature
00:01:17 --> 00:01:19 reactor. This is something much gentler.
00:01:20 --> 00:01:22 It's called a beta voltaic device. City
00:01:22 --> 00:01:25 Labs calls the technology nanotritium.
00:01:26 --> 00:01:28 It takes the beta particles thrown off as
00:01:28 --> 00:01:31 tritium decays and converts them directly
00:01:31 --> 00:01:33 into electricity through a semiconductor.
00:01:33 --> 00:01:36 Avery: The power output is tiny. We're talking micro
00:01:36 --> 00:01:39 to milliwatts. Not enough to run your kettle.
00:01:39 --> 00:01:41 But here's the trick. It's continuous day or
00:01:41 --> 00:01:44 night, in sunlight or in shadow. It just
00:01:44 --> 00:01:45 keeps producing power.
00:01:45 --> 00:01:48 Anna: And tritium has a half life of 12.3
00:01:48 --> 00:01:51 years. So this thing stays effective for 20
00:01:51 --> 00:01:54 years before it quietly decays into harmless
00:01:54 --> 00:01:55 helium 3.
00:01:55 --> 00:01:57 Avery: The FAA had to sign off on this one, too.
00:01:57 --> 00:02:00 They concluded that public radiation exposure
00:02:00 --> 00:02:03 from the mission would stay under 1 millirem
00:02:03 --> 00:02:05 using conservative assumptions. So this has
00:02:05 --> 00:02:07 been vetted from a safety standpoint, not
00:02:07 --> 00:02:09 just an Engineering 1.
00:02:09 --> 00:02:12 Anna: Citilab CEO Peter Kabawi called it a
00:02:12 --> 00:02:14 historic step for commercial nuclear power in
00:02:14 --> 00:02:17 space and said it enables, quote,
00:02:17 --> 00:02:19 persistent always on payload operations
00:02:20 --> 00:02:22 that are not constrained by sunlight or
00:02:22 --> 00:02:22 battery life.
00:02:23 --> 00:02:25 Avery: Worth being? Clear. This isn't like the
00:02:25 --> 00:02:28 plutonium rtgs powering Voyager or
00:02:28 --> 00:02:30 New Horizons or the Mars rovers, which
00:02:30 --> 00:02:33 generate power from heat. This is much
00:02:33 --> 00:02:35 smaller, much lower power. And it's still
00:02:35 --> 00:02:38 relying on solar panels for its main Systems.
00:02:38 --> 00:02:40 This is a proof of concept, but
00:02:40 --> 00:02:42 Anna: it's a proof of concept with a very specific
00:02:42 --> 00:02:45 use case in mind. Permanently shadowed
00:02:45 --> 00:02:47 craters on the moon, for instance, where the
00:02:47 --> 00:02:50 sun genuinely never reaches. NASA's
00:02:50 --> 00:02:53 floated tritium beta voltaics as a way to run
00:02:53 --> 00:02:56 small autonomous sensors in exactly those
00:02:56 --> 00:02:56 conditions.
00:02:56 --> 00:02:59 Avery: Solar panels have run space missions for
00:02:59 --> 00:03:02 seven decades. This is the first real
00:03:02 --> 00:03:04 commercial attempt at an answer to the
00:03:04 --> 00:03:07 question, what happens when the sun doesn't
00:03:07 --> 00:03:08 reach you at all?
00:03:08 --> 00:03:11 Anna: It's a small battery, but if it scales, it
00:03:11 --> 00:03:13 opens some very dark corners of the solar
00:03:13 --> 00:03:13 system.
00:03:14 --> 00:03:16 Avery: Sticking with clever engineering, this next
00:03:16 --> 00:03:18 one comes from a lot closer to home for you,
00:03:18 --> 00:03:19 Anna.
00:03:19 --> 00:03:21 Anna: It does. This is a New Zealand story. A
00:03:21 --> 00:03:24 company called Zeno Astronautics, a spinoff
00:03:24 --> 00:03:26 from the University of Auckland, has just
00:03:26 --> 00:03:29 completed the first orbital test of something
00:03:29 --> 00:03:31 called the Super Torquer.
00:03:31 --> 00:03:33 Avery: And the pitch here is genuinely wild. It's a
00:03:33 --> 00:03:36 thruster that never runs out of fuel because
00:03:36 --> 00:03:38 it doesn't use any fuel at all.
00:03:38 --> 00:03:41 Anna: Here's how it works. The Super Torquer uses
00:03:41 --> 00:03:43 superconducting magnets powered by the
00:03:43 --> 00:03:46 satellite's solar panels. And those magnets
00:03:46 --> 00:03:48 push against Earth's own magnetic field.
00:03:49 --> 00:03:51 That interaction generates torque enough to
00:03:51 --> 00:03:54 turn and orient the satellite with zero
00:03:54 --> 00:03:55 propellant consumed.
00:03:55 --> 00:03:57 Avery: Superconducting magnets have been on people's
00:03:57 --> 00:04:00 wish list for this kind of job for years. But
00:04:00 --> 00:04:02 the hardware was always too big and too
00:04:02 --> 00:04:04 complicated to fit on a small satellite.
00:04:04 --> 00:04:06 Miniaturization has finally caught up with
00:04:06 --> 00:04:07 the
00:04:07 --> 00:04:09 Anna: idea to be precise about what this replaces.
00:04:10 --> 00:04:13 It's primarily for attitude control, so
00:04:13 --> 00:04:15 turning and orientation rather than big
00:04:15 --> 00:04:18 or get changing maneuvers. It's, uh, a much
00:04:18 --> 00:04:20 cleaner alternative to the cold gas thrusters
00:04:20 --> 00:04:22 satellites currently use just to point
00:04:22 --> 00:04:23 themselves the right way.
00:04:24 --> 00:04:26 Avery: But if you never need propellant for that
00:04:26 --> 00:04:28 job, a, uh, satellite's operational lifetime
00:04:28 --> 00:04:30 stops being limited by how much gas it
00:04:30 --> 00:04:31 launched with.
00:04:32 --> 00:04:34 Anna: Dano's own messaging captures the
00:04:34 --> 00:04:37 ambition nicely. They say they're trying to,
00:04:37 --> 00:04:39 quote, remove all reliance on
00:04:39 --> 00:04:42 Earth's resources so that we can build a
00:04:42 --> 00:04:45 sustainable industry in space. No
00:04:45 --> 00:04:47 tanks, no valves, nothing to run dry.
00:04:47 --> 00:04:50 Just magnets, sunlight and the planet's own
00:04:50 --> 00:04:53 magnetic field doing the work. A very
00:04:53 --> 00:04:56 kiwi way to solve a very old space
00:04:56 --> 00:04:56 problem.
00:04:57 --> 00:04:59 Now to an ongoing story that just took a
00:04:59 --> 00:05:02 genuine twist. Longtime listeners will
00:05:02 --> 00:05:04 remember we've been tracking China's Tianwen
00:05:04 --> 00:05:07 2 mission on its approach to the near Earth
00:05:07 --> 00:05:09 asteroid Kamaua Lewa.
00:05:09 --> 00:05:12 Avery: Well, on July 6th, after a 400 day,
00:05:12 --> 00:05:14 roughly 1 billion kilometer journey,
00:05:14 --> 00:05:17 Tianwen 2 arrived, settling in at a
00:05:17 --> 00:05:20 station keeping distance of about 20 km from
00:05:20 --> 00:05:23 the surface. China's space agency released
00:05:23 --> 00:05:25 the first close up image the same day.
00:05:25 --> 00:05:28 Anna: For context on what Kamalalewa actually is,
00:05:28 --> 00:05:31 it's one of only seven known quasi
00:05:31 --> 00:05:34 satellites of Earth. It orbits the sun, but
00:05:34 --> 00:05:37 it stays locked in a stable dance alongside
00:05:37 --> 00:05:40 our planet and has done so for roughly a
00:05:40 --> 00:05:43 hundred years, with about 300 more to
00:05:43 --> 00:05:43 go.
00:05:43 --> 00:05:46 Avery: The image shows a small asymmetrical rock
00:05:46 --> 00:05:48 somewhere in the range of 20 to 30 meters
00:05:48 --> 00:05:51 across. Tiny as these things go.
00:05:51 --> 00:05:54 Anna: Now, here's where it gets interesting. Since
00:05:54 --> 00:05:57 2021, the leading theory has been that Kamau
00:05:57 --> 00:06:00 Lewa is, uh, a genuine chip off our own moon,
00:06:00 --> 00:06:03 blasted off the lunar far side by the impact
00:06:03 --> 00:06:05 that created the Giordano Bruno crater
00:06:06 --> 00:06:08 somewhere between 1 and 10 million years ago.
00:06:09 --> 00:06:11 That was based on its reflectance spectrum,
00:06:11 --> 00:06:13 looking a lot like space weathered lunar
00:06:13 --> 00:06:14 soil.
00:06:14 --> 00:06:16 Avery: But just five days before Tianwen 2
00:06:16 --> 00:06:19 arrived, a JWST preprint
00:06:19 --> 00:06:22 modeled Kamawa Lea's albedo. How
00:06:22 --> 00:06:24 reflective it is. At 0.59,
00:06:25 --> 00:06:27 the moon's albedo is only about
00:06:27 --> 00:06:30 0.12. That's a huge
00:06:30 --> 00:06:32 mismatch and it's simply not compatible with
00:06:32 --> 00:06:33 a lunar origin.
00:06:33 --> 00:06:36 Anna: Astronomer Mikhail Grandvik of the University
00:06:36 --> 00:06:38 of Helsinki says the new TN12
00:06:38 --> 00:06:41 image basically confirms the albedo
00:06:41 --> 00:06:44 result from the JWST data,
00:06:44 --> 00:06:47 pointing instead toward Kamaualewa being a
00:06:47 --> 00:06:49 rare type of silicate asteroid
00:06:49 --> 00:06:51 entirely unrelated to our Moon.
00:06:51 --> 00:06:54 Avery: For five years, the story was it's a piece of
00:06:54 --> 00:06:56 the moon. That story might not survive
00:06:56 --> 00:06:57 contact with
00:06:57 --> 00:07:00 Anna: the evidence, which is exactly why Tianwen
00:07:00 --> 00:07:02 2 is there. Over the next year, it'll study
00:07:02 --> 00:07:05 kamauu Lewa with 11 science instruments
00:07:05 --> 00:07:07 before attempting to collect somewhere
00:07:07 --> 00:07:10 between 20 and 100 milligrams of surface
00:07:10 --> 00:07:13 material using whichever of three sampling
00:07:13 --> 00:07:16 techniques suits the asteroid surface best.
00:07:16 --> 00:07:19 Avery: Sample return is planned via an earth flyby
00:07:19 --> 00:07:22 around April 2027. And only then
00:07:22 --> 00:07:24 will we really know for certain what this
00:07:24 --> 00:07:25 little rock is made of.
00:07:25 --> 00:07:27 Anna: The only way to settle it for good is to
00:07:27 --> 00:07:29 bring a piece of it home.
00:07:29 --> 00:07:32 Now staying with asteroids, but shifting from
00:07:32 --> 00:07:35 origins to defense, because a new study
00:07:35 --> 00:07:37 out this week tackles a question that sounds
00:07:37 --> 00:07:39 like it's straight out of a disaster movie.
00:07:40 --> 00:07:42 Avery: How exactly do you nuke an asteroid if it
00:07:42 --> 00:07:45 ever comes to that? A peer reviewed paper
00:07:45 --> 00:07:46 published July 7 in the journal
00:07:47 --> 00:07:50 Science and Technology models two different
00:07:50 --> 00:07:52 approaches to nuclear asteroid deflection.
00:07:53 --> 00:07:55 Anna: Model one is what you'd probably
00:07:55 --> 00:07:58 an impact detonation. You hit the
00:07:58 --> 00:08:00 surface, create a shallow crater and
00:08:00 --> 00:08:02 detonate a nuclear Device there.
00:08:03 --> 00:08:05 Avery: Mode 2 is more elaborate. A, uh, pre
00:08:05 --> 00:08:08 excavation Detonation, A penetrator
00:08:08 --> 00:08:11 device digs a deeper crater first and
00:08:11 --> 00:08:14 then the warhead goes off inside that
00:08:14 --> 00:08:16 crater, achieving what the researchers call
00:08:16 --> 00:08:18 deep detonation within the asteroid's
00:08:18 --> 00:08:19 interior.
00:08:19 --> 00:08:21 Anna: The researchers modeled the energy of the
00:08:21 --> 00:08:24 launch vehicle, the impactor's velocity and
00:08:24 --> 00:08:26 the resulting change in the asteroid's own
00:08:26 --> 00:08:29 velocity for both approaches, and then tested
00:08:29 --> 00:08:31 them against a virtual database of threat
00:08:31 --> 00:08:34 asteroids, assuming warning times anywhere
00:08:34 --> 00:08:35 from one year to 20 years.
00:08:36 --> 00:08:38 Avery: The headline finding if you've got enough
00:08:38 --> 00:08:41 lead time, the deeper pre excavation
00:08:41 --> 00:08:43 approach is markedly more efficient at
00:08:43 --> 00:08:46 actually deflecting the asteroid. But if
00:08:46 --> 00:08:48 warning time is short, a simple surface
00:08:48 --> 00:08:50 impact detonation may be the only option
00:08:50 --> 00:08:52 you've got time to pull off.
00:08:52 --> 00:08:54 Anna: Worth saying. Clearly there's no known
00:08:54 --> 00:08:56 asteroid threatening Earth right now.
00:08:56 --> 00:08:59 Apophis, uh, once flagged as a risk for its
00:08:59 --> 00:09:02 2029 and 2068 close approaches,
00:09:02 --> 00:09:04 has been ruled out as a hazard for the
00:09:04 --> 00:09:05 foreseeable future.
00:09:05 --> 00:09:08 Avery: But it's not purely theoretical either. Back
00:09:08 --> 00:09:11 in 2024, a lab experiment published in
00:09:11 --> 00:09:14 Nature Physics showed that X rays from a
00:09:14 --> 00:09:16 nuclear blast could genuinely vaporize
00:09:16 --> 00:09:19 and push an asteroid's surface. And the
00:09:19 --> 00:09:21 researchers behind that suggested the
00:09:21 --> 00:09:23 technique could scale up to asteroids as
00:09:23 --> 00:09:25 large as around 4km across.
00:09:26 --> 00:09:28 Anna: And it's worth remembering the Chelyabinsk
00:09:28 --> 00:09:31 meteor back in 2013. A, uh, comparatively
00:09:31 --> 00:09:34 small object and it still caused real
00:09:34 --> 00:09:37 property damage and over a thousand injuries.
00:09:37 --> 00:09:40 Even modest sized asteroids are worth taking
00:09:40 --> 00:09:40 seriously.
00:09:40 --> 00:09:43 Avery: Hollywood's favorite plan, nuke it might
00:09:43 --> 00:09:46 genuinely be a good idea. It's just that.
00:09:46 --> 00:09:49 Exactly how you nuke it turns out to matter
00:09:49 --> 00:09:50 enormously.
00:09:50 --> 00:09:52 Anna: Not quite the Bruce Willis version, but
00:09:52 --> 00:09:55 planetary defense science is getting a lot
00:09:55 --> 00:09:57 more precise. And that's exactly what you'd
00:09:57 --> 00:09:59 want if we ever had to use it for real.
00:09:59 --> 00:10:01 Alright, time for something a little
00:10:01 --> 00:10:04 different. Avery, I believe this one's got
00:10:04 --> 00:10:05 your name on it.
00:10:05 --> 00:10:07 Avery: It does? Does. Southern hemisphere listeners
00:10:07 --> 00:10:09 feel free to sit this one out for once
00:10:09 --> 00:10:12 because this Aurora alert is entirely for
00:10:12 --> 00:10:12 our friends
00:10:12 --> 00:10:15 Anna: up north Base weather forecasters are
00:10:15 --> 00:10:18 watching. Two things line up for July 9th.
00:10:18 --> 00:10:21 First, a fast coronal mass ejection that
00:10:21 --> 00:10:23 launched from the sun on July 5th with a
00:10:23 --> 00:10:26 modeled arrival time around 6 UTC on
00:10:26 --> 00:10:26 the night.
00:10:27 --> 00:10:29 Avery: A second, a coronal hole, a patch
00:10:29 --> 00:10:32 of open magnetic field letting fast solar
00:10:32 --> 00:10:35 wind escape, is rotating into an Earth
00:10:35 --> 00:10:38 facing position and its high speed stream is
00:10:38 --> 00:10:40 expected to arrive around the same time.
00:10:40 --> 00:10:43 Anna: Put those two together and forecasters say we
00:10:43 --> 00:10:45 could see G1 class geomagnetic storm
00:10:45 --> 00:10:48 conditions. Minor on the storm scale, but
00:10:48 --> 00:10:50 enough to bring the aurora down to some
00:10:50 --> 00:10:52 surprisingly accessible latitudes.
00:10:53 --> 00:10:55 Avery: The zones to watch Seattle,
00:10:55 --> 00:10:58 Edinburgh and the northern tier of the United
00:10:58 --> 00:10:59 States and Canada.
00:11:00 --> 00:11:02 Anna: For context, this comes right after last
00:11:02 --> 00:11:05 week's monster sunspot regions rotated away
00:11:05 --> 00:11:08 to the sun's far side and they didn't go
00:11:08 --> 00:11:11 quietly, putting on a real show of flares and
00:11:11 --> 00:11:12 prominences on their way out.
00:11:12 --> 00:11:15 Avery: Solar activity's dropped back to low levels
00:11:15 --> 00:11:18 since then, mostly common C class flares
00:11:18 --> 00:11:19 with active region
00:11:19 --> 00:11:22 AR4482. Now the main
00:11:22 --> 00:11:24 feature we're watching on the Earth facing
00:11:24 --> 00:11:24 side.
00:11:24 --> 00:11:27 Anna: So if you're anywhere near Seattle, Edinburgh
00:11:27 --> 00:11:30 or the northern reaches of the US and Canada,
00:11:30 --> 00:11:32 July 9 might be where worth stepping outside
00:11:32 --> 00:11:34 at night and looking up.
00:11:34 --> 00:11:36 Avery: We don't say that to you nearly often enough.
00:11:37 --> 00:11:38 Consider this one a, uh, thank you
00:11:38 --> 00:11:40 Anna: note and we'll close today with a story about
00:11:40 --> 00:11:43 what comes after the mission of a lifetime.
00:11:43 --> 00:11:46 Avery: Jeremy Hansen, the Canadian Space Agency
00:11:46 --> 00:11:49 astronaut who became the first Canadian ever
00:11:49 --> 00:11:51 to fly around the moon back in April
00:11:51 --> 00:11:54 aboard Artemis 2, announced on July
00:11:54 --> 00:11:57 6 that he's stepping back from full time
00:11:57 --> 00:11:58 astronaut duty.
00:11:58 --> 00:12:00 Anna: Hansen flew as mission specialist alongside
00:12:00 --> 00:12:03 NASA astronauts Rosa Reid Wiseman, Victor
00:12:03 --> 00:12:06 Glover and Christina Koch on the first crewed
00:12:06 --> 00:12:08 moon mission in over 50 years.
00:12:08 --> 00:12:10 Avery: The transition takes effect this September
00:12:10 --> 00:12:13 after 32 years of military service and 17
00:12:13 --> 00:12:16 years as a CSA astronaut. He'll continue on
00:12:16 --> 00:12:18 as a reservist with the Royal Canadian Air
00:12:18 --> 00:12:21 Force and says he remains fully committed to
00:12:21 --> 00:12:23 Canada's space program, just in a different
00:12:23 --> 00:12:24 capacity.
00:12:24 --> 00:12:26 Anna: It's a nice detail that his Artemis 2 mission
00:12:26 --> 00:12:29 patch incorporated elements of Anishinaabe
00:12:29 --> 00:12:31 culture, reflecting a vision quest he
00:12:31 --> 00:12:33 undertook at A.H. turtle Lodge in Sag King
00:12:33 --> 00:12:35 First Nation during his training.
00:12:35 --> 00:12:37 Avery: In the months since the mission, he's taken
00:12:37 --> 00:12:39 on something of a public diplomacy role too.
00:12:39 --> 00:12:41 Appearances at the White House before
00:12:41 --> 00:12:43 Congressional committees and at, uh, both
00:12:43 --> 00:12:45 Canada Day and Independence Day celebrations
00:12:46 --> 00:12:48 championing the six decades long partnership
00:12:48 --> 00:12:50 between the US and Canada in space.
00:12:50 --> 00:12:53 Anna: His departure leaves the CSA with three
00:12:53 --> 00:12:55 active astronauts in its core, but as Hansen
00:12:55 --> 00:12:57 tells it, this really isn't a departure at
00:12:57 --> 00:12:58 all.
00:12:58 --> 00:13:00 Avery: Weeks after becoming the first Canadian to
00:13:00 --> 00:13:02 circle the moon and he's already planning his
00:13:02 --> 00:13:03 next chapter.
00:13:03 --> 00:13:05 Anna: A good reminder that flying to the moon isn't
00:13:05 --> 00:13:08 the end of an astronaut's story. Often it's
00:13:08 --> 00:13:10 just the most famous chapter in it.
00:13:10 --> 00:13:12 Avery: That's it for today's show. A nuclear
00:13:12 --> 00:13:15 battery, a fuel free thruster, a plot twist
00:13:15 --> 00:13:18 5 million kilometers from home, some serious
00:13:18 --> 00:13:20 planetary defense, an aurora shout out for
00:13:20 --> 00:13:23 the north, and an astronaut already planning
00:13:23 --> 00:13:23 what's next.
00:13:23 --> 00:13:25 Anna: Thanks for spending part of your day with us.
00:13:25 --> 00:13:28 Find full show notes, sources and links at
00:13:28 --> 00:13:30 astronomydaily IO and follow us at
00:13:30 --> 00:13:33 astrodaily Pod for updates between episodes.
00:13:33 --> 00:13:35 Avery: We'll be back tomorrow with more of the
00:13:35 --> 00:13:36 universe's news.
00:13:36 --> 00:13:38 Anna: Until then, Clear Skies
00:13:40 --> 00:13:40 MHM.
00:13:49 --> 00:13:50 Avery: Is the
00:13:50 --> 00:14:01 tongue.