Space enthusiasts and science lovers, Andrew Dunkley and Professor Fred Watson dive into the ironic and thrilling quest to find a lost tool bag from the International Space Station, using humor and binoculars to spot its bright apparition in the night sky and uncover the mysteries of space. · Discover the fascinating world of space exploration in the latest episode of the Space Nuts podcast. · Experience the exhilaration of zero gravity as you take a virtual roller coaster ride through space. · Join the hunt for a lost tool bag from the International Space Station and learn about the challenges of retrieving lost items in space. · Dive into the mind-boggling mysteries of black holes and unravel the secrets behind the formation of planets. · We talk about SpaceX’s latest rocket test and how it really was a success. · Uncover the origin of water on Earth and how it shaped the development of life on our planet. The key moments in this episode are:
00:00:00 - Introduction
00:00:20 - Spinning Sagittarius A*
00:00:27 - Planets and Pebbles
00:00:34 - Lost Space Rocket and Tool Bag
00:00:45 - Audience Questions
00:15:37 - The Earth's Rotation and Black Holes
00:18:13 - Black Hole's Mass and Rotation Speed
00:22:35 - Water Formation in Planets
00:25:47 - Icy Pebble Drift Theory
00:33:32 - Possibility of a habitable moon orbiting a super Earth
00:39:08 - Energy emissions from quasars
00:41:17 - Dark matter stars
00:41:57 - Favorite space conspiracy theories
00:50:47 - How to Send Questions
00:51:09 - Support and Becoming a Patron
00:51:16 - Wrapping up the Show
00:51:53 - Conclusion and Goodbye
Decipher the enigma of the lost tool bag Take part in the intriguing discussion about the lost tool bag from the International Space Station. The conversation explores the probable fate of the bag and its potential visibility from earth, sparking your curiosity. Find yourself enthralled by the veil of mystery surrounding this seemingly mundane item, as it orbits our planet. · https://www.facebook.com/spacenutspodcast · www.spacenuts.io · https://www.twitter.com/spacenutspod · https://www.linkedin.com/in/biteszHQ · https://www.youtube.com/@spacenutspodcast In this episode, you will be able to: · Discover the thrilling experience of zero gravity on a roller coaster, transporting you to the weightless realm of outer space. · Explore the fascinating tale of a lost tool bag from the International Space Station and the ingenious efforts to retrieve it, showcasing the resourcefulness of astronauts. · Unveil the mysteries behind black holes and their role in the formation of planets, shedding light on the incredible cosmic forces shaping our universe. · Dive into the captivating story of the origin of water on Earth, unraveling the secrets of our planet's life-sustaining liquid and its connection to the vastness of space. Space junk is a big problem...cost[ing] a million dollars a shot...SpaceX's technique for improving things...You build it and try it out. If it doesn't work, you think again and build it again. And when you've got a lot of money, that's what you can do. - Andrew Dunkley
Become a supporter of this podcast: https://www.spreaker.com/podcast/space-nuts-astronomy-insights-cosmic-discoveries--2631155/support.
00:00:00
Hi there. Thanks for joining us. Andrew Dunkley here, the host of
00:00:03
Space Nuts and coming up on this show. Oh, it's jam packed. We're
00:00:07
talking about Sagittarius, a star, the black hole at the
00:00:11
center of our galaxy. Well, it looks like it's spinning at,
00:00:14
near its maximum rate. So, what does that mean? And should we
00:00:18
put the cat out tonight?
00:00:20
We'll also be looking at how some planets may have received
00:00:23
their water via pebbles and a couple of lost, items, a, lost
00:00:30
space rocket. Well, it wasn't lost. We know where it is. It's
00:00:34
everywhere and, and a, a tool bag lost in space. Also some
00:00:41
audience questions about habitable moons, quasars and
00:00:44
dark matter stars. That's all coming up on this episode of
00:00:48
Space Nuts.
00:00:55
Space Nuts 432.
00:01:05
And joining us to discuss all of that. And probably more is
00:01:08
Professor Fred. What's an astronomer at large? Hello,
00:01:11
Fred.
00:01:11
Hello, Andrew. How are you doing? It's good to see you.
00:01:15
Well, yes, good to see you too. I've been, I've been away for a
00:01:18
couple of weeks actually. Took the grandchildren up to the gold
00:01:21
coast and did the theme parks. And I, I actually achieved zero
00:01:25
G while I was, while I was away, I went on the hyper coaster
00:01:30
which is at Movie World. It's one of the biggest rollercoaster
00:01:35
in the southern hemisphere, if not the biggest.
00:01:38
And the way it starts, it goes up the, you know, you get
00:01:41
dragged up the ramp and then you usually hesitate at the top and
00:01:44
then go down a steep slope. Well, this one doesn't stop, it
00:01:48
goes straight over the edge. It actually goes beyond the
00:01:52
vertical. It, it, it comes in and in before it goes out and,
00:01:59
and your stomach just leaps forwards out of your, it's the
00:02:04
most horrible feeling.
00:02:06
And the thing where each 100 kilometers an hour and a couple
00:02:09
of points, suicidal Andrew it. It felt like it while we were on
00:02:13
it. I, I love roller coasters. I've done a lot of them. But no,
00:02:17
that, that's, and it's huge. It takes a long time. That one
00:02:20
usually it's a pretty quick ride but you get halfway through it
00:02:23
and go. Yeah, I've had enough.
00:02:27
So when you went, when you went on that sort of more than
00:02:30
vertical drop, do you think you were in free fall? Were you,
00:02:33
were you.
00:02:35
Very briefly because you, you, you don't feel any weight in
00:02:39
your seat because you're actually falling. You're being,
00:02:43
and the, and the carriage that you're in is, is kind of behind
00:02:46
you. It's, it's really, yeah, it 's a very unnerving feeling.
00:02:52
But, and I must confess when I got off and my son got on it
00:02:55
with me. We both felt a little bit of motion sickness at the
00:03:00
end. Gravity. See, that's what, that's what it was.
00:03:04
Yeah, we don't call it that, aircraft, the vomit comet for
00:03:07
nothing.
00:03:08
No, that's, yeah, it's, it's really strange feeling. But,
00:03:11
yeah, probably one of the most, violent, roller coasters I've
00:03:16
ever been on, didn't take the grandchildren out on it.
00:03:22
I think I'll give that one a miss. So, thanks very much for
00:03:25
offering.
00:03:25
But I think, well, they don't let 200 year olds on it.
00:03:30
Well, there's that as well. That 's right because then your
00:03:32
stomach really does leave, you know, the rest of you,
00:03:35
everything just falls out.
00:03:38
Yeah. I wasn't sure, you know, I, it's been a few years since I
00:03:43
was on a rollercoaster. I just wasn't sure how I'd cope with
00:03:46
it. But, yeah, I was, I was ok.
00:03:49
Eventually the one I, the, in fact it's probably the last one
00:03:54
I was on, which was in 2011. When I was, involved with, we
00:03:59
did a segment on, Channel 10. Is it here in Australia on, 60
00:04:06
minutes about the large Hadron Collider? That's Channel Nine, I
00:04:10
think. Is it? Yeah, it might be Channel Nine can't remember
00:04:14
anyway, 60 minutes.
00:04:15
We did a segment about the large Hadron Collider and which I was
00:04:18
trying to explain what it was for and what the Big Bang was
00:04:20
all about. But in order to give our viewers a sensation of what
00:04:25
it might be like being a subatomic particle and going
00:04:28
around the large Hadron Collider at 99998% of the speed of
00:04:32
light put us on a roller coaster at a place called called de for
00:04:37
I think, which is just outside Geneva.
00:04:40
And this thing it is fairly spectacular. It goes up the
00:04:43
hillside and you plow your way to the top and then come down
00:04:46
with and, and it's not quite the same as what you've described.
00:04:49
It's the curves in it that are, that are the bit where your
00:04:52
stomach goes one way and you go the other. But what we did was
00:04:55
we hooked two cars together with a cameraman in one facing
00:04:58
backwards and I was in the other one doing a running commentary
00:05:02
on what was happening while we went around these corners.
00:05:07
No, thank you. But they would do it.
00:05:09
Yeah. Yeah, you do it.
00:05:10
You do it well, now that our stomachs are back where there's
00:05:16
sorry, that was a digression.
00:05:17
You can cut that out here if you like.
00:05:20
Let's talk about something else that's been lost. Other than our
00:05:24
lunch and that is a tool bag from the International Space
00:05:27
Station. Apparently a couple of astronauts were out doing a job
00:05:31
and.
00:05:31
Oops, I let go of it in the wrong direction. So I did look
00:05:36
at this but I can't remember the details, but I think it was an
00:05:38
ESA to the ESA astronauts who were involved because of course,
00:05:44
they're partners in the International Space Station
00:05:46
doing some work outside.
00:05:48
Just like the stuff that's going on downstairs at our place at
00:05:51
the moment with lots of tool bags around, but they let go of
00:05:53
that one and that one's a bit difficult to get back if it
00:05:58
drifts away. And so what surprised me about it is that,
00:06:04
it's drifted away, I think it's drifted ahead of the
00:06:06
International Space Station. If I remember rightly, excuse me,
00:06:10
it will eventually burn up.
00:06:11
It'll, it'll just gradually its orbit will decay and it'll
00:06:15
re-enter, but it must be a big tool bag because apparently it's
00:06:19
bright enough to see with binoculars. And, I well, I
00:06:23
haven't checked up on that yet because all the apparitions of
00:06:27
the International Space Station over the next week or so.
00:06:29
Here are all at four o'clock in the morning, which is yeah, just
00:06:33
a little bit early for me. But it, it means so it's, it's a
00:06:37
round about seventh magnitude in terms of, you know, in
00:06:40
astronomical magnitude terms, seven is about the limit of
00:06:44
naked eye visibility. But with binoculars, you, you probably
00:06:48
would see it.
00:06:49
You might need a darker sky than we have actually here in Sydney.
00:06:52
Anyway, It's something to look for those. You know, people out
00:06:56
there with a telescope or telescopes and lots of good for
00:06:59
looking at the International Space Station because it moves
00:07:01
too fast. But binoculars are all right.
00:07:04
Give it a try.
00:07:05
Give it a try. You've got a dark sky out there in Dublin as well.
00:07:09
I do tend to get up fairly early most days, but not quite that
00:07:12
early.
00:07:13
Well, it might be, you might have a different set of
00:07:16
apparitions there because you're significantly further west than,
00:07:18
than we are. So that you, you check it out on heavens above.
00:07:23
Yes, the lost tool bag. So it will eventually its orbit will
00:07:26
decay and, nobody's gonna get it back.
00:07:29
I think the funny part was they said, but it doesn't matter cos
00:07:32
we didn't need it anymore at that point.
00:07:35
A million dollars.
00:07:38
Yeah, that's right.
00:07:40
I don't know why we're laughing and.
00:07:42
We should be laughing. Space junk is a big problem.
00:07:47
Cost a million dollars a shot.
00:07:50
I'm pretty sure it wasn't a, you know, $20 tool bag from
00:07:53
bunnings, or Home Depot if you're in America. Another, kind
00:08:03
of loss was SpaceX recently with a, a bit of a rocket disassembly
00:08:07
as they're calling it.
00:08:09
It's, what's the term? A rapid unscheduled disassembly. That's
00:08:13
the term.
00:08:15
I love it. What, what happened, do we know?
00:08:17
Yeah. Well, it, it's, I haven't seen the detailed results but
00:08:21
certainly, the, the first stage performed flawlessly actually,
00:08:27
that, that gigantic, what's he called? The Falcon super heavy,
00:08:32
all 33 of its Raptor motors were firing throughout the flight.
00:08:36
That's better than they had last time.
00:08:38
I think that two that, that went out. So they had kind of full
00:08:42
thrust all the way up to was it about 4550 kilometers? And, and
00:08:48
then the separation of the, of the second stage, which is the
00:08:54
starship itself. This is the, you know, the bit with the, the
00:08:57
round, round nose and the fins on the front that separated, ok.
00:09:03
But shortly after that, there was an explosion because the
00:09:07
idea was to bring the Falcon heavy, super heavy back to Earth
00:09:12
and probably land it in the Atlantic. But it, it, it
00:09:16
exploded.
00:09:17
And they think the reason for that is something to do with a
00:09:22
new technique that they've got, I think they call it hot firing
00:09:25
if I remember rightly when the second stage leaves, they, they
00:09:30
fire up the second stage motors before they detach it from the
00:09:34
first stage. And so you've got the full thrust of this thing
00:09:37
playing on the, on the old first stage. So I'm not surprised it
00:09:41
exploded.
00:09:43
But then something went wrong with the second stage after
00:09:47
that, They, they had a significant amount of time. It
00:09:50
was firing under its own propulsion. They were going to
00:09:54
land it back on a barge north of Hawaii. So it was gonna go
00:09:59
almost round a complete orbit. But there was an explosion
00:10:03
before that happened.
00:10:04
Everybody seemed very upbeat about it, in SpaceX because that
00:10:09
's, you know, this is Elon's, tried and tested technique for,
00:10:13
for, for improving things, you build it and try it out if it
00:10:17
doesn't work, you think again and build it again. And when
00:10:20
you've got a lot of money, that 's what you can do.
00:10:22
Yes, he'll be able to get another, Falcon super heavy from
00:10:26
bunnings for 20 bucks.
00:10:27
I think it might not have all 33 of its Raptor engines. Maybe
00:10:34
not.
00:10:34
I don't think they carry that line anymore.
00:10:38
Yeah, but yeah, what I read was that, despite the mishap, NASA
00:10:42
was still quite impressed with the exercise.
00:10:45
And the other thing is that this time it didn't, trash the launch
00:10:50
pad, which it did before the first one. It basically wiped
00:10:54
out the launch pad and, and, and I think bits of debris rained
00:10:58
down on, people down range from the launch which didn't impress
00:11:02
them.
00:11:02
So, there's, yeah, So the, the, there was certainly an
00:11:07
environmental aspect to criticize SpaceX on, on that
00:11:12
one. But I think they've tidied up their act. And so it looked
00:11:15
as though that was much better. In fact, for, for a lot of that
00:11:19
launch Andrew all systems were nominal until they were, until
00:11:23
they weren't. That's right.
00:11:25
Yeah.
00:11:26
Oh, they'll get it. Right. That 's, that's the way of this
00:11:29
industry, isn't it?
00:11:31
It is buying things and if you make a mistake, you learn from
00:11:34
it and.
00:11:35
It is in the private sector, NASA's got to do things
00:11:38
differently because they're spending public money. And so
00:11:41
they are far more risk averse, far more cautious and, and I
00:11:45
think the two ques, you know, side by side work. Well, because
00:11:48
of course, Elon Elon Space AIS is actually contracted to NASA
00:11:53
in a big way. In fact that starship is what's gonna land
00:11:56
astronauts on the moon year after next.
00:12:00
Elon reminds me of Gomez from the Adams family crashing his
00:12:04
trains into each other.
00:12:08
Yeah, sorry, I, my apologies.
00:12:14
Not a total disaster in any in.
00:12:17
It was, it was a rapid sorry, an unscheduled rapid disassembly
00:12:22
was exactly what they said. It was.
00:12:25
Alright. Moving on. Let's talk about Sagittarius, a star, the
00:12:29
black hole at the center of our galaxy. Now, this one we're
00:12:34
interested in because it's ours. We own it. No other galaxy has
00:12:38
this one. This is ours.
00:12:40
We took possession of it before the French. Ah, but anyway, it,
00:12:44
it, it's spinning as black holes do, but they've now announced
00:12:48
that it is spinning at a rate near maximum. What is maximum
00:12:53
for a black hole? Is that the speed of light?
00:12:57
That's a good question actually.
00:12:59
I tried to research it got all weird answers.
00:13:03
Yeah. Th th this is the trouble. As soon as you get into the
00:13:06
theory of rotating black holes, you, you're in quite difficult
00:13:09
mathematical territory and often the things that you're looking
00:13:12
at don't seem to make much sense.
00:13:15
And in fact, the spin of a black hole has this, it's defined as
00:13:19
being a parameter who, whose range is from 0 to 1 where 10 is
00:13:27
a non rotating black hole. One is one that's rotating at
00:13:32
maximum rotational speed. And I suspect that you're right that
00:13:37
you're, you're limited by the speed of light.
00:13:41
The thing is, you know, it's, it 's a black hole that's rotating,
00:13:45
not necessarily the event horizon. So it's all kind of
00:13:49
very touchy-feely stuff is this but touchy-feely in a very
00:13:54
strongly mathematical sort of way. But anyway, you're, you're
00:13:57
right.
00:13:59
Some work that has been published in that well known
00:14:02
journal, the monthly notices of the Royal Astronomical Society
00:14:06
by actually scientists principally in the USA, I think
00:14:11
One is at Penn State. I think that's the lead author. They've,
00:14:16
they've basically pinpointed the rotational speed of the black
00:14:19
hole. And this is a speed parameter.
00:14:23
It's a, it's a, it's a kind of rationalized number that just
00:14:27
gives you an idea of what the speed is, as I said, from 0 to 1
00:14:30
and it's, they reckon it's between 0.84 and 0.96 and the
00:14:36
top limit is one. So, that's that's pretty well, you know,
00:14:42
getting on to its maximum speed.
00:14:46
There's, there's the, the, the, the, the tricky thing and, and I
00:14:51
guess what makes it so interesting from a mathematical
00:14:56
perspective and difficult to get your head around from anybody
00:14:59
else's perspective. It's the way a spin is the way the spin is
00:15:04
defined because a black hole doesn't have dimensions. You
00:15:08
know, o other objects like planets, like anything in space
00:15:12
stars, whatever.
00:15:14
They, they've got physical surfaces. And there, there you,
00:15:20
you can, you can deal with the, you can understand the rotation
00:15:23
of a body in terms of what it does to its physical surface. In
00:15:26
fact, as we're sitting here in New South Wales at the moment,
00:15:30
Andrew our, our linear velocity is about 1400 kilometers per
00:15:34
hour eastwards by the rotation of the Earth.
00:15:37
So we, we're moving eastwards at that speed. And the fact that we
00:15:42
don't notice that, that made people believe that the Earth
00:15:46
was stationary and at the center of everything, back in the day,
00:15:49
we don't think that anymore. Whereas with a black hole, it's
00:15:53
just, you know, it's a region of space time, it's got the event
00:15:58
horizon around it beyond which nothing can escape.
00:16:03
And it, it's, it's all about the way the gravitational forces
00:16:08
behave in the region of the black hole. So you get basically
00:16:12
a twisting of space time and there's a new term that I have
00:16:18
seen before. But I'm not really very much across it. It's called
00:16:23
the Ergo sphere.
00:16:24
The Ergo sphere is that region of the space, the time around
00:16:28
the black hole that's, that's curved by the black hole itself.
00:16:33
And it, and it as the there are some of the physicists that are
00:16:37
discussing this in the article that I was looking at which by
00:16:41
the way is on lives of science. They were discussing it and
00:16:45
saying this the o the Os sphere is something that's unique to
00:16:49
black holes.
00:16:51
So a solid body like a planet doesn't have that. And it, it's
00:16:55
all. And then the next thing that comes from this is
00:16:59
something called frame dragging. So that as they spin the black
00:17:05
holes twist the fabric of space within the ergosphere. So the
00:17:11
ergosphere is a bit like the event horizon, but it's
00:17:13
different. It's about the frame dragging effect.
00:17:18
We do know that solid bodies do this frame dragging because I do
00:17:23
remember a few years ago, we had the Earth's rotation the way it
00:17:29
drags space time around with it. I remember talking about that.
00:17:33
Yeah, that's right. We had been detected.
00:17:37
But it's, it's very different with a black hole. And you know,
00:17:42
it's why black holes act like gravitational lenses. You get
00:17:45
very strange optical effects because of the ro the
00:17:50
gravitational influence of the, of the rotating black holes.
00:17:55
Very strange things, rings of light black hole shadows all of
00:18:00
that stuff. So, it's worth it's worth that. I'd recommend any of
00:18:05
our listeners who are interested in following up on this. The,
00:18:07
the Life Science article is very, very well written and
00:18:11
gives a lot of detail about it and I almost understood it.
00:18:15
Well, I, I thought, I thought I did when I got to the end of it,
00:18:18
but as soon as I stopped, as soon as you stop reading, you
00:18:21
don't anyway. So, you know that it is, it's an extraordinary, an
00:18:26
extraordinary discovery that you've got this thing which is
00:18:30
about 4.5, 4.5 million times the mass of the Sun Sagittarius a
00:18:37
star is spinning at this enormous rate.
00:18:43
It's quite extraordinary. It's really quite an extraordinary,
00:18:48
phenomenon. And we, we, we basically, have this, I, I don't
00:18:58
know, you know, how do you get your head around? Something that
00:19:00
's got that much mass that's spinning at nearly its maximum
00:19:04
speed.
00:19:06
Yeah. Yeah.
00:19:07
Ii I, one article I read said that, it's not unusual for a
00:19:11
black hole to spin at 1150 cycles per second.
00:19:17
Well, when you think about, sorry, go on.
00:19:21
No, that's just an unthinkable speed.
00:19:23
It, it is. But that's typical of the speed of a neutron star. The
00:19:29
rotation speed of a neutron star, which is not a black hole,
00:19:31
but it's not much different from a black hole. A neutron star is,
00:19:35
you know, neutrons compressed together to give you this
00:19:38
incredibly high density. So the mass of a star compressed into
00:19:41
the size of a city.
00:19:43
And they, because of the fact that their magnetism lets them
00:19:48
beam out radiation, we get this lighthouse effect and we get
00:19:51
what's called a pulsar, a millisecond pulsars ones that
00:19:54
spin at more than 1000 times a second are pretty commonplace.
00:19:59
So it's not that hard to envisage that a black hole could
00:20:03
spin even faster than that. Cos they're much more compact.
00:20:07
Fascinating. Of course, it has a very big effect on its local
00:20:10
environment and the more that goes into it, the faster it
00:20:13
gets, I mean, would it reach one? Is that possible do we
00:20:16
know?
00:20:18
It's probably possible for it to reach one whether it's, that's
00:20:21
an interesting question though, whether as a black hole that
00:20:24
creates material, as it gobbles stuff up, which ours is doing at
00:20:29
a fairly modest rate, not doing anything horrible, turning it
00:20:33
into a quasar or something like that.
00:20:35
But if it's accreting, does that increase its rotation? I would
00:20:40
guess it does because, you know, intuitively, if you put more
00:20:43
mass near the center of something that's rotating, it
00:20:46
rotates faster, it's a conservation of angular
00:20:48
momentum.
00:20:51
Yeah.
00:20:53
Go on.
00:20:55
No, I was gonna say, yeah, I just ask a P play to put more
00:20:58
fuel into the engine and the wheels go faster.
00:21:01
I wasn't gonna go there. I was gonna go with the, with the
00:21:06
office chair analogy where you spin on an office chair. If you
00:21:09
have your legs out and then pull them in, you spin faster. Yes.
00:21:13
Yes. The, the ballerina theory, the ballerina theory.
00:21:17
That's right. You don't, you don't need to go to P Plater. We
00:21:19
could do it all in an office.
00:21:22
They're much better at spinning wheels though.
00:21:26
And not moving. That is. Yes. Right. Alright. If you'd like to
00:21:30
chase that up, Live science.com, as Fred mentioned is the
00:21:34
website, this is Space Nuts with Andrew Dunkley and Fred Watson.
00:21:39
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00:22:43
Space Nuts. Righto Fred, I remember, well, a little while
00:22:48
back, you and I talked about how Earth might have got its water.
00:22:52
And of course, popular theory was that it was delivered by
00:22:56
asteroids and some of it probably was. But a new theory
00:23:01
came forward that suggested it was probably already there when
00:23:05
the planet started forming and what accretion created the
00:23:10
planet and the water was already there.
00:23:12
And Voila, we have oceans. Ah But now this is a little bit of
00:23:17
a a variation on that theory, I suppose you could say new
00:23:21
information through James Webb, space telescope suggests that it
00:23:25
some planets, maybe even ours could have received their water
00:23:30
via ice covered pebbles. This is interesting.
00:23:35
Yeah. So, so it's it's a theory that I think it's been around
00:23:39
for quite a long time. That says that as you, as you form
00:23:44
planets, you, you accrete material just as you said.
00:23:48
And you know, they gradually, it starts off as dust and gradually
00:23:52
builds up to pebbles and then the pebbles gradually accrete
00:23:56
one another and get bigger objects, eventually get what are
00:24:00
called planet is moles which are maybe 100 kilometers across or
00:24:04
something like that. They bang into one another. You get
00:24:08
heating because of the collisions and stuff sticks
00:24:12
together and eventually you end up with the solar system.
00:24:15
It's always all sounds a bit rough and ready, but that's the
00:24:18
way it worked. But there is there are subtleties on, on
00:24:22
those theories Andrew. And one of them is basically that you,
00:24:30
you, while you're forming planets, you get pebbles of
00:24:37
material that, that essentially drift from one bit of the solar
00:24:41
system to the other.
00:24:44
So the theory is, and, and once again, perhaps I should set the
00:24:50
scene a little bit on this because we, we think that beyond
00:24:56
what we call the snow line or the frost line, that's the
00:24:58
distance from the sun, where water would freeze beyond that,
00:25:04
you've got ice within that you've got water vapor.
00:25:08
And you know, that delineation is, is kind of between the
00:25:11
orbits of Mars and Jupiter. And that's a very neat division of
00:25:15
the solar system. And it's all to do with the, the snow line or
00:25:18
the frost line.
00:25:20
Do we have a, just as a matter of interest? Do we have a mush
00:25:23
zone where it's not quite ice and it's not quite vapor?
00:25:30
Yeah.
00:25:30
Oh, that's right. It's, the, the, yes, I mean, we, we used to
00:25:35
experience that a lot. When I lived in the northern hemisphere
00:25:39
in Britain, you get snow and that snow is lovely but then it
00:25:43
turns into mush. It's not lovely.
00:25:47
We call it slush and slushy days were the by far the worst. So,
00:25:52
there might be a short slush line or, or, or mush line. I
00:25:57
should write a paper on that. Andrew really good in the
00:26:00
monthly notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, the Solar
00:26:04
Systems Mush Line, or something, but it exists. I bet it does
00:26:09
too.
00:26:10
Notwithstanding all that, the idea then if you've got pebbles
00:26:15
that drift in from the outer solar system, why can't they be
00:26:19
covered with ice, which would then bring the water in towards
00:26:23
the inner solar system, where you're getting, you know, rocky
00:26:27
planets forming. And suddenly that water becomes the oceans of
00:26:32
the Earth or at least becomes accreted into the, into the
00:26:38
young planets.
00:26:39
So this theory has been, as I said, it's, it's a, it's a
00:26:43
fairly old theory. It's called the Icy Pebble drift theory. I
00:26:47
love the name and what we have now. And the reason why we're
00:26:52
talking about this is that there is a new paper which is being
00:26:55
published in the Astrophysical Astrophysical Journal letters
00:26:59
whose title is JWST reveals excess cool water near the snow
00:27:05
line in compact discs, consistent with pebble drift.
00:27:10
It's a long title, but it, it's basically the James Webb
00:27:14
telescope has found water sort of where you would expect that
00:27:22
tho those icy pebbles to be delivering water to the inner
00:27:25
solar system or to the inner region of the, of the planet.
00:27:30
One of the authors, there's a nice quote here. I'm, I'm
00:27:33
actually looking at universe today. Our old friend universe
00:27:36
today is has got a very nice piece on this. But the quote is
00:27:42
from one of the authors of the, the paper itself. Webb finally
00:27:45
revealed the connection between water vapor in the inner disk
00:27:49
and the drift of icy pebbles from the outer disk.
00:27:52
This finding opens up as exciting prospects for studying
00:27:55
rocket rocky planet formation, not rocket planet rocky planet
00:27:59
formation with Web. And that's excellent, you know, excellent
00:28:04
news. So, the bottom line is they studied these authors
00:28:08
studied 44 young stars, sun like stars with their protoplanetary
00:28:14
discs still intact around them. And looked at the way the gaps
00:28:18
in the disks.
00:28:19
And you know, the, the kind of abundance of water vapor within
00:28:25
those gaps, where, whether that supports the Icy Pebble theory
00:28:29
and the bottom line is that it does. And so really nice. It's
00:28:34
been done with the, with MRS which is the medium resolution
00:28:37
spectrometer on board on board JWSC, it works in connection
00:28:42
with Miri the mid infrared something instrument I can't
00:28:47
remember what it is.
00:28:48
So that, that, that we've got these these many many different
00:28:54
instruments on the web that can actually detect water vapor as
00:28:57
well as looking deep into these, into these discs. So very, very
00:29:02
nice work by these scientists. And maybe it is a breakthrough
00:29:06
in the question that we've had many times. Where does the Earth
00:29:08
's oceans come? Where do the Earth's oceans come from? It's
00:29:12
probably a mixture. Yeah.
00:29:13
Another interesting aspect of this I notice is that this only
00:29:17
applies to standard size planets, rocky planets. When you
00:29:21
get to bigger planets, the pebbles can't drift and
00:29:26
therefore that, that, that gets locked in as far as I can tell.
00:29:32
Does it play that?
00:29:35
That's probably right. And, and so that, you know, is kind of
00:29:38
what we find in the in the region of our solar system where
00:29:44
the gas giants are. So that, so that you, you, you keep the
00:29:48
stuff there if you've got giant planets forming. Yeah, I, I it
00:29:52
's, you know, planet formation is a complex business and we
00:29:56
grossly over symp oversimplify things as well as sympathize
00:30:00
with them and Space Nuts.
00:30:02
But you can tell that there's a huge amount of really
00:30:06
significant work going on in this field. And it, it's, I
00:30:10
think we're a long way down the track of really satisfactorily
00:30:14
answering the question. Where did the Earth oceans come from?
00:30:17
As you said, a mixture of perhaps asteroids and comets
00:30:20
colliding. Plus this, what you might call indigenous water that
00:30:24
came on the pebbles that actually formed the planets
00:30:28
themselves.
00:30:29
Yeah, I think it, it makes sense that it would be a combination
00:30:32
of factors. It's not like someone turned up with a big
00:30:35
bucket and went. There you go. 10 bucks, please.
00:30:39
It's water was a lot cheaper back then. But, yeah, there's
00:30:45
gotta be a combination of factors at play. I would think.
00:30:48
This one sounds like wait for it. This one sounds like it does
00:30:52
hold water.
00:30:56
I like it though. I like it. Scott Scott Promise. I won't
00:31:00
tell you to give up your day job yet.
00:31:03
Oh, dear.
00:31:04
It's to give up my day job. They'll just say out off you go
00:31:10
Mary.
00:31:11
Mary, of course, is the, is the mid infrared instrument. I was
00:31:14
over, over complicating the acronyms.
00:31:17
Ok. If you'd like to read on more about the icy Pebbles
00:31:23
giving water to the planets universe today.com, as Fred
00:31:27
mentioned is a great place to start. This is Space Nuts.
00:31:31
Andrew Dunkley here, Fred Watson there, Space Nuts.
00:31:39
Now, Fred to our question answer session, but we're gonna start
00:31:43
off with some homework. We got a question from buddy recently
00:31:46
about how is it that gravitons can escape from a black hole
00:31:50
when nothing else can get out? And we kind of pondered that and
00:31:55
went no, too hard. We'll go and ask somebody else.
00:31:58
What, what did you find out?
00:32:00
Yeah, there's a, well, Qura is, of course the thing you go to
00:32:04
when you want questions answered, Sometimes they give
00:32:08
the right answers and sometimes they don't. But the question on
00:32:12
Qura which probably put placed a few years ago, can gravitons
00:32:16
escape the event arising of a black hole?
00:32:18
If not, how can we detect the black hole's gravity? And we got
00:32:22
an answer from actually a graduate student who's whose
00:32:27
name is Barack Shi at the Perimeter Institute For
00:32:31
Theoretical Physics, one of the top institutions in the world
00:32:35
for this kind of work.
00:32:38
And basically what they're saying, what Barack is saying is
00:32:44
that gravitons don't escape the event horizon, but they don't
00:32:53
need to because the, the gravity that you feel is all about the
00:33:00
curvature of space time. So you don't need to know what's going
00:33:04
on inside the black hole in order to feel the curvature of
00:33:07
space time outside it.
00:33:10
It, then there's, there's a subtlety as well in the gravity.
00:33:15
So, so I, I guess what buddy was thinking of and I would have
00:33:18
done too. This is buddy in Oregon. Was that you know,
00:33:22
you're, you're kind of align gravitons with photons that they
00:33:27
are similar, similar things because they're both massless
00:33:30
particles, but they're actually, they've got fundamental
00:33:33
differences.
00:33:36
And it boils down to one being nonlinear and one being linear
00:33:42
and that's where my understanding stops. Basically
00:33:47
the, the, you know, the the, the idea is that, that there are
00:33:52
subtle differences between gravitons and photons. But it is
00:33:55
interesting that yy, you know, you don't actually need
00:33:58
gravitons to, to feel gravity because the bending of space
00:34:03
time is what makes the gravity real.
00:34:06
Ok.
00:34:07
There you are. Buddy, I'm sure you'll have another question for
00:34:10
us based on that because it's whenever it comes to black
00:34:14
holes, they just keep going around and around sometimes at
00:34:16
very high speed. Thanks August. Well, yeah, almost. Thanks
00:34:24
buddy. Hopefully we, we filled in the blanks on that question.
00:34:28
Let's go to an audio question now from OBI.
00:34:31
Hello, friend and Andrew. This is here from the frozen tundra
00:34:36
that is Tasmania.
00:34:38
So I'm just going to get back to my question. I've been making a
00:34:43
mod for the game K space program, which is just basically
00:34:46
a flight space flight simulator and it's basically gonna add,
00:34:50
you know, a new soul, an expanded new solar system, which
00:34:53
is something that's been done multiple times over before.
00:34:56
But anyway, I, I, I'm doing it anyway and I want to make it as
00:35:00
realistic as possible. But one of the, one of the planet
00:35:05
systems in it is basically a habitable moon that orbits a
00:35:09
super Earth and I'm wondering if that's even possible, like would
00:35:14
there be, would there be something preventing like tidal
00:35:16
forces or the, you know, having it form in the first place?
00:35:19
But yeah, is that, is that scientifically feasible? I know
00:35:22
you're gonna have them opening gas giants at least in theory.
00:35:26
But what's preventing one from Albany to be? Thank you.
00:35:32
Thank you. Obie from Hobie.
00:35:37
I've got a feeling I know that Hobart Tasmania. Yeah. Ok. I, I
00:35:45
think I know, I, I think we talked about Obie's book a
00:35:49
couple of years ago that he wrote as an 11 year old if I
00:35:53
remember rightly about the future of space travel I reckon
00:35:57
it's the same guy.
00:36:00
Lovely to hear his voice. If that's who it is, I'm pretty
00:36:03
sure it would be pretty unusual to have the same. That, that's,
00:36:07
yeah, there wouldn't be too many obies around. Oh, there's OBI
00:36:10
one, Kenobi, of course. Yeah, forgot about that.
00:36:14
But he's asking is a habitable moon orbiting a super Earth.
00:36:18
Possible.
00:36:21
I think the answer is yes. I just, just, backtracking
00:36:26
slightly. KBA is fantastic. I remember when he was younger and
00:36:32
it's probably 10 years ago now, my youngest son will got heavily
00:36:35
into KBA and I was so impressed with the way that it really
00:36:39
replicates how space flight works.
00:36:42
And it's not, you know, it's not a game where you've got rockets
00:36:46
just zooming around Willy nilly. This is real, real gravitational
00:36:51
navigation of spacecraft and it is, you know, it's like, what
00:36:56
you do is you launch things and see how far they'll get and then
00:37:00
they crash and it's just like what Elon does for you make me
00:37:04
tell it.
00:37:06
Yeah, but it's no, it's great, great stuff. So it's a good
00:37:09
thing to, to to play with and I'm sure it's come on by leaps
00:37:12
and bounds since will was involved. I I'll, I'll be seeing
00:37:15
Will this weekend. So I might check up with him whether he's
00:37:18
still a K enthusiast. But the bottom line is, so, you know,
00:37:23
moons are certainly possible around the gas giants because
00:37:28
we've got plenty of them.
00:37:30
And if you, you know, a super Earth is something not much
00:37:32
bigger. It's somewhere between the mass of the Earth and the
00:37:36
mass of, Neptune or Uranus. Which are the ice giants.
00:37:41
They're smaller than the two big gas giants. They've got moons,
00:37:45
moons around them.
00:37:47
Some of them are quite large. If you put it in the right bit of
00:37:51
the solar system, then maybe those moons will be habitable.
00:37:54
So I don't think that you're you're stretching physics too
00:37:59
far to envisage habitable moons around super earths or, you
00:38:05
know, even larger planets.
00:38:07
So, you, you, you know, I think it's just extending it once
00:38:16
again into thinking about the, the solar system we've got, for
00:38:21
example, I know it's not a super Earth, it's a gas giant, but
00:38:24
Saturn with, with its moon Titan, which has got such an
00:38:28
interesting story to tell that a rocky world with an an ocean
00:38:33
overlying it and then an ice layer on top of that with
00:38:37
methane and ethane lakes in the ice.
00:38:41
That could be, it's not habitable for us because the
00:38:45
temperature is about minus 100 and 90 °C. But there could well
00:38:49
be organisms that thrive in that sort of environment. And that's
00:38:54
why there's interest in sending spacecraft to, to actually have
00:38:56
a look at Titan closer look.
00:38:58
Not to mention, Europa and Enceladus.
00:39:01
Yes. And then that's right. The ones around Jupiter and the
00:39:06
other moon of Saturn, that's of great interest, Enceladus Europa
00:39:09
around Jupiter. The reason why Titan is so interesting though,
00:39:12
is unlike the others. He's got a really thick atmosphere.
00:39:15
And so, and its atmosphere is, is active in the sense that it's
00:39:20
got a water cycle except it's not water, it's natural liquid,
00:39:24
natural gas that vaporizes and rains and forms lakes and
00:39:29
rivers, extraordinary world, just extraordinary, perhaps one
00:39:32
of the most bizarre places in the solar system, but very
00:39:35
interesting in terms of what kind of organisms might live
00:39:38
there.
00:39:39
They do if they do so, the answer to OBI is yes. So forge
00:39:44
ahead. Do you design your solar system? Sounds like fun. And
00:39:50
lovely to hear from you. And I, I hope your future prospects in
00:39:55
space science are moving forward because I know, I know you're
00:39:59
very enthusiastic about it if you're the ob I'm thinking of
00:40:02
and I think you are, let's go to a question from Peter.
00:40:08
Peter has emailed us. He said I've read or heard that quasars
00:40:12
are one of the most powerful energy sources we know of. I'm
00:40:16
also aware that matter entering a black hole's event horizon
00:40:19
slows right down even freezing from an external viewpoint due
00:40:23
to re relativistic gravity effects?
00:40:26
Shouldn't this mean that the energy emissions are down are
00:40:30
drawn out for a huge amount of time, time, if not indefinitely.
00:40:35
At a correspondingly lower intensity, my brain is having
00:40:38
trouble reconciling those effects. So I'm sending the job
00:40:42
to a higher brain. Well, we, we rang, we rang God and he
00:40:45
couldn't answer. So, Peter, we've asked Fred.
00:40:50
Oh, dear. I think there's a higher brain than me lying on
00:40:54
the floor here. He's called Jordy and he's a black Poodle.
00:40:57
Anyway.
00:40:59
I, I think that the issue here is that the energy that you get
00:41:06
from quasars is actually coming from the highly energized
00:41:12
material in the accretion disc. It's the disc of debris around
00:41:17
the black hole. So it's not the stuff that's landed on the event
00:41:20
horizon.
00:41:21
It's this swirling mass of stuff around the black hole, some of
00:41:25
which is indeed disappearing into the black hole and no doubt
00:41:29
getting frozen on the event horizon. Exactly as Peter says.
00:41:33
But it's the, it's the energy of the, the accretion disc itself
00:41:37
that causes quasars to be so bright and gives you these jets
00:41:42
of relativistic particles m moving upwards and downwards
00:41:48
perpendicular to the accretion disc in in quasars.
00:41:51
So, and so, yes, highly energetic objects which behave
00:41:59
in a way that you can kind of get your head around. I think as
00:42:02
long as you realize that it is material outside the event
00:42:06
horizon, that's actually emitting this, these copious
00:42:09
amounts of energy.
00:42:12
Thank you, Peter. We've got a double header here from brody.
00:42:16
Hey, y'all, this is brody from Great State of Florida. Got two
00:42:21
questions for y'all. One serious and one's kind of funny. First
00:42:26
one is what do you think on the possibility of dark matter stars
00:42:33
interested in these? I was reading the article earlier,
00:42:36
thought it might be a possibility but wanted to get
00:42:38
your thought on it.
00:42:39
Second one is, what is your favorite conspiracy about space?
00:42:45
Mine is the face on Mars that was captured way back when I
00:42:51
think it was funny but been proven wrong. Let me know.
00:42:57
Thanks for the show. It's always great.
00:42:59
Thank you, Brodie. Yeah, I'm not sure about part two. I, I
00:43:03
haven't really given it a lot of thought. I'll try and come up
00:43:06
with something while Fred answers the first part. But in
00:43:10
the dark matter stars, we have talked about those before. We,
00:43:14
we haven't found one yet, have we?
00:43:16
Yeah, that, that's if I remember rightly, we did talk about this
00:43:19
a few weeks ago with the notion that I think actually, I think
00:43:26
there was a candidate because it turns out that a dark matter
00:43:32
star would not just be dark matter, it would also have
00:43:36
normal matter in it and would become fluffy and very large. I
00:43:42
think that was the story. I can't remember the details of
00:43:45
it.
00:43:46
But you know, it, it, to me, this raises the, the whole
00:43:50
bigger question of the exciting possibilities for dark matter
00:43:55
because we don't know that dark matter is just one species of
00:44:00
subatomic particle.
00:44:02
It could be, there could be many different kinds of subatomic
00:44:05
particles that constitute dark matter just like there are
00:44:08
constituting normal matter, bionic matter. So dark matter
00:44:14
particles could exist in forms where you get chemical reactions
00:44:18
between them. And on certainly where you could get nuclear
00:44:22
reactions between them.
00:44:23
So a dark matter star II I whilst I think you're right that
00:44:29
the genuine dark dark matter star has not been observed and
00:44:33
there aren't any candidates nevertheless, it's a realistic
00:44:37
possibility. Ok. Alright. And my favorite conspiracy, the face on
00:44:46
the face on Mars was great.
00:44:49
They made a movie.
00:44:50
Out of it. Was it Red Planet or was it the other one mission to
00:44:53
Mars? But yeah, it was, it was a f fabulous science fiction about
00:45:00
the the face on Mars turning out to be the people that created
00:45:04
life on Earth.
00:45:07
So that, sorry.
00:45:09
No, no, no, it's it's 1976 was when it was observed. It was the
00:45:14
Viking orbiter. Yeah, I remember that. And yeah, it did look for
00:45:19
all the world like a face and it was so convincing and had so
00:45:22
much sort of conspiratorial backing to it, that it was, it
00:45:28
was kind of almost mandated for NASA.
00:45:32
The next time they put an orbiter into orbit around Mars,
00:45:36
the first orbit or within the first few orbits, they had to
00:45:39
steer it over the face on Mars to get an image of it with a
00:45:42
much better camera. And that's when the, you know, when the
00:45:45
whole thing disappeared, it clearly isn't the face, it's
00:45:48
just a hill with rock and he valleys in it. It's quite big.
00:45:51
It's fu across.
00:45:54
But yeah, that's a good one. But, but, Mars has had many,
00:45:59
many of these, what you might call conspiracies with, with
00:46:03
images, that look like something else. They're called, what's the
00:46:09
word Mi Mimeo lith, I think, or something like that. A rock that
00:46:12
looks like something it's all part of, oh, I've forgotten the
00:46:17
name of the phenomenon that, yeah, me too.
00:46:20
I was just trying to remember it.
00:46:22
It'll come to me in a minute anyway, where, where we, where
00:46:27
we see things and recognize them as, looking like something else.
00:46:35
That's got a, a, an ei a ending, I think. Anyway, never mind that
00:46:41
we're both struggling. That's cos we're both old men. Andrew.
00:46:45
Some of us are older than others.
00:46:48
It, it's, so it's very common to find things, you know, I've seen
00:46:53
headlines a tire on Mars, a top hat on Mars, a gray lady on
00:46:58
Mars. The best one was a recent one which was a doorway into a
00:47:03
rock on Mars and it was just the way the image had been taken, I
00:47:06
think by curiosity or what one of these spacecraft.
00:47:12
Ok.
00:47:13
You're still trying to think of the word, aren't you?
00:47:15
So I am, I can't, I can't think of it. It's terrible. I funny
00:47:19
is, thing is last week it popped into my head. That exact word I
00:47:22
was thinking because I saw something and realized it wasn't
00:47:26
anything at all. It was like a rock or something.
00:47:28
But, and I ha it happened to me, before we moved here, we used to
00:47:33
go for a walk every day and every day I thought I saw a duck
00:47:36
stuck in a, drain grill and it was, and it was just the mesh
00:47:41
around the grill that it was sticking out of the ground. But
00:47:45
for e, even though I knew it wasn't a duck, every time I
00:47:48
looked up, I thought, oh, there 's a duck. Oh, no, it's not.
00:47:52
It drove me nuts after a while. They should have cut it off.
00:47:55
Mine, I look, I, I think my favorite space conspiracy is,
00:48:00
the, the, the fact that, a lot of people still believe the moon
00:48:04
landings were faked. They even made documentaries about it. I
00:48:09
had the pleasure once of interviewing Buzz Aldrin and he
00:48:12
has a real bug. With this one. In fact, he, he got into a
00:48:15
couple of punch ups with people over this particular claim.
00:48:19
He, he can't stand the fact that people think that it was all
00:48:24
faked and he was a part of it. He, he stuck to his guns on that
00:48:28
to his detriment a couple of times I, I believe. But, no, and
00:48:32
my great grandmother never believed it. Never believed that
00:48:36
we went to the moon.
00:48:37
She thought it was all just some sort of advertising stunt to
00:48:40
sell. What? I don't know, but I never really talked to her about
00:48:44
it. I was too young but she thought it was dead set fake.
00:48:48
So, that's, that's the one that stands out to me.
00:48:53
I was actually gonna say the same thing. In fact, the.
00:49:00
Well, the other one for me is flat Earth theory. Don't even
00:49:03
want to go there.
00:49:05
I don't want to get it.
00:49:08
It, well, it's, it is, it's really interesting that, that
00:49:13
people, you know, the, the, the flat Earth, the flat Earth,
00:49:17
movement, occasionally has global con conferences, which I
00:49:22
think is quite an interesting thing. I've cheated. Andrew.
00:49:26
I've just looked up my talk on fake news, to find out the name
00:49:30
of that phenomenon, which is paradol. Paradol. Yeah, that's,
00:49:35
that's the word where we see things that look like something
00:49:38
else and we can't, we can't out of our head, like, ducks down
00:49:42
drain pipes.
00:49:44
So, I don't know. Yeah, I look, the, the, we didn't go to the
00:49:51
moon conspiracy. Yeah, I, I kind of, even though buzz has got a
00:49:57
lot more reason for actually getting irritated by people
00:50:01
saying that than I have it.
00:50:03
It really irritates me as well because I lived through it. I
00:50:07
followed them step by step and it was that, you know, the
00:50:10
flavor of the time had the astronauts not gone to the moon.
00:50:14
The K GB would have been on it all over it.
00:50:17
Like, how could you fake it when there were so many people around
00:50:23
the world involved? I mean, the simplicity of timing, radio
00:50:26
signals would have given it up straight away.
00:50:29
Yeah, that's right. Yeah. 40 engineers and scientists who are
00:50:33
not good liars. The you know, the fact that there are 385 kg
00:50:39
of stuff that came back from the moon which we've analyzed to
00:50:42
death.
00:50:43
And no, they got that at bunnings.
00:50:49
You knew I'd get another bunnings joke in, didn't you?
00:50:53
Well, yes. Oh dear. I was there the other day actually. Thing
00:50:59
like the thing I bought there didn't work but it wasn't their
00:51:01
fault.
00:51:03
Yeah, I've had that happen. So there you go, Brodie. We both
00:51:08
agree on the fake moon landings has probably been bug bears in
00:51:13
in fake news. Yeah. Alright. Thanks. For your questions. And
00:51:18
if you do have, questions for it, we've got a whole batch of
00:51:20
new ones. So I'll work my way through them. One small request.
00:51:24
I don't know if it's possible but, I really have trouble with
00:51:27
wave files.
00:51:29
We get them in, different formats but for some reason,
00:51:33
wave files on my computer don't like each other. But, anyway, if
00:51:37
you can send MP threes rather than wave files, that would be
00:51:39
helpful.
00:51:40
But, we can convert them. It's just my computer's going. No,
00:51:44
you don't pay me enough for that.
00:51:46
But if you've got questions for us, send them to us via our
00:51:51
website, Space Nuts, podcast.com or Space Nuts Dot IO, just click
00:51:55
on the various links or the A MA tab to send us your audio
00:51:58
question and don't forget to tell us who you are and where
00:52:00
you're from and while they have a browse around the Space Nuts
00:52:03
shop or the supporter page or whatever you like, maybe you'd
00:52:07
like to become a patron that's totally up to you.
00:52:09
We'll never make you do it. It's 100% voluntary.
00:52:14
That brings us to the end of the show, Fred. Thank you very much.
00:52:17
It's a pleasure. Andrew. Well, I think it is. Anyway, I, I really
00:52:22
enjoy it. Yeah, of course it is. No, I'm joking. The, I'm just
00:52:27
still wound up about people not going to the moon and it just
00:52:30
gets me every time.
00:52:33
It's, yeah, it's been a big one for a long time. Alright,
00:52:36
thanks. We'll catch you on the next episode. Sounds great. Take
00:52:39
care, Fred Watts, an astronomer at large part of the team here
00:52:42
at Space Nuts and to Hugh in the studio if he was there, but he
00:52:47
doesn't exist, he's fake. And from me Andrew, from me, Andrew
00:52:52
Dunkley. Thanks for your company. We'll catch you on the
00:52:54
very next episode of Space Nuts.
00:52:57
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