In this engaging Q&A edition of Space Nuts, hosts Andrew Dunkley and Professor Fred Watson dive into a myriad of intriguing questions posed by listeners. From the fate of the Swift satellite to the mysteries of redshift and the speculative nature of white holes, this episode covers a wide range of cosmic curiosities.
Key topics include:
- The fate of the Swift satellite and the challenges faced by the Link mission meant to boost its orbit.
- An exploration of redshift and the implications of energy loss in distant light.
- Insights into the temperature variations on the Moon and the potential for human habitation beneath its surface.
- A thought-provoking discussion on the hypothetical merger of black holes and white holes, and what that could mean for our understanding of the universe.
Join Andrew and Fred Watson as they tackle these questions with their signature blend of humour and expertise, providing listeners with a deeper understanding of the cosmos.
00:00 - This is where the audience asks us questions, we scratch our heads
01:20 - Do you always record on the same day and time
02:56 - What are your thoughts on the red dots as seen by James Webb Telescope
06:33 - A spacecraft called Link will boost the decaying orbit of the Swift satellite
14:08 - Is distant light redshifted? What happens to the lost energy
16:18 - Professor Fred Watson discusses Apollo 13 problems in Q and A edition
17:19 - Fenton from Minnesota has a question about the temperature on the moon
23:13 - European astrobiologist working on Roslyn Franklin rover on Mars
26:03 - Fred Watson asks what would happen if a white hole merged with a black hole
Become a supporter of this podcast: https://www.spreaker.com/podcast/space-nuts-astronomy-insights-cosmic-discoveries--2631155/support.
00:00:00 --> 00:00:01 Andrew Dunkley: Hello again. Thank you for joining us on a Q
00:00:01 --> 00:00:04 and A edition of Space Nuts. This is where
00:00:04 --> 00:00:06 the audience asks us questions, we scratch
00:00:06 --> 00:00:08 our heads and it's all over in about a
00:00:08 --> 00:00:11 minute. Um, but, uh, if we are
00:00:11 --> 00:00:13 to answer questions, we may well, um,
00:00:14 --> 00:00:16 answer, um, the question as to how they're
00:00:16 --> 00:00:19 going to save the Swiss. Uh, the
00:00:19 --> 00:00:22 Swift Observatory, which as
00:00:22 --> 00:00:24 you might recall in a previous episode, was
00:00:24 --> 00:00:26 under threat of, um, you know, coming back
00:00:26 --> 00:00:28 into the Earth's atmosphere and being lost
00:00:28 --> 00:00:31 forever. Well, uh, James, who asked the
00:00:31 --> 00:00:32 question, is going to be in for a bit of a
00:00:32 --> 00:00:35 shock on that one. Uh, also a, uh, follow
00:00:35 --> 00:00:37 up on Redshift. We're going to look at
00:00:37 --> 00:00:40 temperatures of the moon and a white
00:00:40 --> 00:00:43 hole, black hole merger. What
00:00:43 --> 00:00:45 would be the effect? Fred Watson knows, we'll
00:00:45 --> 00:00:47 ask him on this edition of space
00:00:47 --> 00:00:48 nuts.
00:00:48 --> 00:00:51 Generic: 15 seconds. Guidance is internal.
00:00:51 --> 00:00:53 10, 9. Ignition
00:00:53 --> 00:00:54 sequence start.
00:00:54 --> 00:00:55 Professor Fred Watson: Uh, space nuts.
00:00:55 --> 00:00:58 Generic: 5, 4, 3, 2. 1, 2, 3, 4,
00:00:58 --> 00:01:00 5, 5, 4, 3, 2, 1.
00:01:00 --> 00:01:02 Andrew Dunkley: Space nuts.
00:01:02 --> 00:01:03 Generic: Astronauts report at Beales.
00:01:04 --> 00:01:07 Andrew Dunkley: And joining us to unrattle all of those
00:01:07 --> 00:01:10 rattling questions is Professor Fred Watson
00:01:10 --> 00:01:11 Watson, Astronomer at large. Hello,
00:01:11 --> 00:01:12 Fred Watson.
00:01:12 --> 00:01:14 Professor Fred Watson: Hello, Andrew. Fancy seeing you.
00:01:14 --> 00:01:17 Andrew Dunkley: Long time, long time no see. Yes,
00:01:17 --> 00:01:20 um, a question without notice.
00:01:20 --> 00:01:22 Do you always record on the same day and
00:01:22 --> 00:01:25 time? No, no, we
00:01:25 --> 00:01:28 don't. No. Uh, it's never that
00:01:28 --> 00:01:30 easy. That was an easy one to
00:01:30 --> 00:01:31 answer.
00:01:31 --> 00:01:33 Professor Fred Watson: Is that from our live, uh, audience?
00:01:33 --> 00:01:35 Andrew Dunkley: Yes, that's from Moose. G', Day, Moose.
00:01:36 --> 00:01:39 Yeah, but no, no, we don't. Um,
00:01:39 --> 00:01:41 it all comes down to who's available
00:01:42 --> 00:01:45 on whatever given day. And uh,
00:01:45 --> 00:01:47 today was the day. But, uh, no, it's, it's,
00:01:48 --> 00:01:50 it sort of jumps around sometimes we have to
00:01:50 --> 00:01:53 double up. In fact, um, this is the
00:01:53 --> 00:01:56 first time we've actually recorded together
00:01:56 --> 00:01:58 for over a month because Fred Watson
00:01:58 --> 00:02:01 was travelling and we had to double up
00:02:01 --> 00:02:04 for um, quite a few weeks to get ahead. And
00:02:04 --> 00:02:06 um, we didn't quite make it, which is why
00:02:06 --> 00:02:08 Jonty covered things for the last couple of
00:02:08 --> 00:02:11 weeks. But, uh, we generally try to do
00:02:11 --> 00:02:14 it in the morning so that we can catch the
00:02:14 --> 00:02:17 evening viewers in the United States, which
00:02:18 --> 00:02:20 works, um, out pretty well for most. But then
00:02:20 --> 00:02:22 most of the people in this part of the world
00:02:22 --> 00:02:22 are at work.
00:02:23 --> 00:02:25 Professor Fred Watson: So it's lose, lose.
00:02:25 --> 00:02:28 Andrew Dunkley: Basically can't cater for the entire world
00:02:28 --> 00:02:30 at one given moment. But that's, that's,
00:02:30 --> 00:02:32 that's the way it goes. If we could sort of
00:02:32 --> 00:02:34 just have one time zone with daylight
00:02:34 --> 00:02:35 everywhere all the time, it would make it
00:02:35 --> 00:02:37 easier. But, um, yeah, they're still working
00:02:37 --> 00:02:39 on that and I'm not joking, they are still
00:02:39 --> 00:02:41 working on that. They're trying to put up
00:02:41 --> 00:02:43 these big mirrors and I don't know what else.
00:02:43 --> 00:02:46 It's weird. Um, do you want to
00:02:46 --> 00:02:48 tackle some questions, Fred Watson?
00:02:49 --> 00:02:49 Professor Fred Watson: Yes, please.
00:02:49 --> 00:02:50 Andrew Dunkley: Thank you.
00:02:50 --> 00:02:53 Andrew Dunkley: Um, actually, we do have a live question
00:02:53 --> 00:02:55 straight up, so we'll might jump straight at
00:02:55 --> 00:02:56 that one.
00:02:56 --> 00:02:58 What are your thoughts on the red dots as
00:02:58 --> 00:03:00 seen by the James Webb Telescope?
00:03:00 --> 00:03:01 Professor Fred Watson: Asks.
00:03:01 --> 00:03:01 Andrew Dunkley: Good.
00:03:02 --> 00:03:04 Andrew Dunkley: Interestingly, they're in the news at the
00:03:04 --> 00:03:06 moment because, uh, there was a storey I only
00:03:06 --> 00:03:09 read just before we came on live to suggest
00:03:09 --> 00:03:12 that they think they're about to witness a
00:03:12 --> 00:03:13 red dot merger.
00:03:14 --> 00:03:16 Interestingly, yeah.
00:03:17 --> 00:03:19 Professor Fred Watson: So they're being well studied. Uh, and
00:03:20 --> 00:03:23 one of them in particular,
00:03:24 --> 00:03:27 uh, which has a name, I think it's called
00:03:27 --> 00:03:30 BH1. BH
00:03:31 --> 00:03:34 is an abbreviation for black hole star number
00:03:34 --> 00:03:36 one. Uh, and, um,
00:03:37 --> 00:03:40 this is a little red dot that, unlike many
00:03:40 --> 00:03:42 of the other ones, is in a
00:03:42 --> 00:03:45 relatively empty environment. So,
00:03:46 --> 00:03:48 uh, let's just recap. What are little red
00:03:48 --> 00:03:51 dots? They're what the penetrating power of
00:03:51 --> 00:03:53 the James Webb Telescope has revealed for the
00:03:53 --> 00:03:56 first time, uh, in the early universe, uh, at
00:03:56 --> 00:03:59 a time when the universe was only, you know,
00:03:59 --> 00:04:01 a few hundred million years old, we see these
00:04:01 --> 00:04:03 objects which have now got the name of little
00:04:03 --> 00:04:06 red dots. Um, they're compact,
00:04:06 --> 00:04:09 uh, and they are quite
00:04:09 --> 00:04:11 bright in terms of the amount of energy
00:04:12 --> 00:04:14 that they, uh, emit. And I think
00:04:15 --> 00:04:17 BH1, if I remember
00:04:17 --> 00:04:20 rightly, it's 100 billion times brighter
00:04:20 --> 00:04:23 than it should be. Whoa. Uh, and.
00:04:23 --> 00:04:25 But that's leading to
00:04:26 --> 00:04:29 the suggestion that what we're seeing here
00:04:30 --> 00:04:33 is a star, which, uh,
00:04:33 --> 00:04:36 is basically a cloud of gas with
00:04:36 --> 00:04:38 a supermassive black hole at its centre.
00:04:39 --> 00:04:42 So if you think about, uh, our knowledge of
00:04:42 --> 00:04:44 galaxies, most of which seem to have
00:04:44 --> 00:04:46 supermassive black holes at their centre,
00:04:46 --> 00:04:49 they're made of stars. Uh, that star
00:04:49 --> 00:04:51 formation process takes place over billions
00:04:51 --> 00:04:54 of years. Um, and we used to think that
00:04:54 --> 00:04:56 it took a long time for these black holes to
00:04:56 --> 00:04:59 become supermassive by, you know, them
00:04:59 --> 00:05:02 being basically, uh, gobbling up each other,
00:05:03 --> 00:05:05 uh, gobbling up material so that they became
00:05:05 --> 00:05:08 supermassive. But we see supermassive black
00:05:08 --> 00:05:10 holes now so early in the universe. And it
00:05:10 --> 00:05:12 looks as though BH
00:05:13 --> 00:05:15 got one at its centre. I think it's 50 or
00:05:15 --> 00:05:17 thereabouts times the mass of the sun. Can't
00:05:17 --> 00:05:19 remember the details. Um, I've had an
00:05:19 --> 00:05:22 operation since I read all that. Uh,
00:05:24 --> 00:05:27 so, um, um, the evidence seems
00:05:27 --> 00:05:29 to be that we are seeing a new class of
00:05:29 --> 00:05:32 object, uh, essentially a galaxy.
00:05:33 --> 00:05:35 Something not the size of a galaxy because
00:05:35 --> 00:05:37 Their dimensions are kind of solar system
00:05:37 --> 00:05:39 size. They're much bigger than the solar
00:05:39 --> 00:05:41 system, but they're clouds of gas.
00:05:42 --> 00:05:44 And we think that they are energised
00:05:45 --> 00:05:48 by the accretion disc. The way material is
00:05:48 --> 00:05:51 swirling around the black hole at their
00:05:51 --> 00:05:54 centre and that's raising temperatures in the
00:05:54 --> 00:05:56 middle to very high degrees until you get
00:05:56 --> 00:05:59 very high levels of energy emission, which is
00:05:59 --> 00:06:01 why they're said to be 100 billion times
00:06:01 --> 00:06:04 brighter than they should be. So it looks as
00:06:04 --> 00:06:06 though we're on the track of identifying
00:06:06 --> 00:06:08 these little red dots as something quite new
00:06:08 --> 00:06:11 and kind of unexpected. I'm sure they were
00:06:11 --> 00:06:14 predicted that we'd find, uh, stars
00:06:14 --> 00:06:17 made basically of nothing but gas in a black
00:06:17 --> 00:06:19 hole, uh, rather than, you know, other
00:06:19 --> 00:06:22 stars. Uh, and um, that
00:06:22 --> 00:06:25 seems to be what they are. So. Yeah, watch
00:06:25 --> 00:06:28 this. Space though. Um, you know.
00:06:29 --> 00:06:30 Yes, Moose, thanks.
00:06:30 --> 00:06:32 Andrew Dunkley: No, it wasn't Moose. It was good. Sorry, but
00:06:32 --> 00:06:33 thanks for the question.
00:06:33 --> 00:06:36 Uh, we've got an audio question now. This is
00:06:36 --> 00:06:37 from James.
00:06:37 --> 00:06:40 Andrew Dunkley: Hi, this is James in high western England.
00:06:41 --> 00:06:43 So as of 6 July, there's a
00:06:43 --> 00:06:46 spacecraft called Link which will boost the
00:06:46 --> 00:06:49 decaying orbit of the Swift satellite.
00:06:50 --> 00:06:53 What will it do to boost the orbit and what
00:06:53 --> 00:06:55 even does that mean, to boost an
00:06:55 --> 00:06:58 orbit? Um, I m. Guess I assume
00:06:58 --> 00:07:01 that pushing it from underneath might not
00:07:02 --> 00:07:04 be the answer. So look forward to
00:07:04 --> 00:07:07 hearing how it might actually do that.
00:07:07 --> 00:07:09 Thanks, James.
00:07:09 --> 00:07:11 Andrew Dunkley: Thank you, James. Hope all is well in, I
00:07:11 --> 00:07:13 think you said, Howick in the uk.
00:07:13 --> 00:07:14 Professor Fred Watson: High Wycombe.
00:07:14 --> 00:07:15 Andrew Dunkley: High Wycombe.
00:07:15 --> 00:07:16 Andrew Dunkley: All right.
00:07:16 --> 00:07:17 Andrew Dunkley: Okay. Could have been either.
00:07:19 --> 00:07:22 Um, We've got some bad news for you, James,
00:07:22 --> 00:07:23 I'm afraid, haven't we, Fred Watson?
00:07:24 --> 00:07:26 Professor Fred Watson: Yeah. So, uh,
00:07:27 --> 00:07:30 it's really sad because, um, this
00:07:31 --> 00:07:34 project has been a bit of a poster child
00:07:34 --> 00:07:37 for NASA because normally their projects take
00:07:37 --> 00:07:39 decades to come into fruition. But
00:07:40 --> 00:07:42 they tasked company, uh,
00:07:43 --> 00:07:46 something like a. With a year's notice or
00:07:46 --> 00:07:48 something, uh, to develop
00:07:49 --> 00:07:51 a spacecraft, uh, and actually
00:07:53 --> 00:07:56 um, basically work out how you could rescue
00:07:56 --> 00:07:59 the Swift spacecraft. So the storey is Swift
00:07:59 --> 00:08:02 is uh, an elderly SpaceCraft
00:08:02 --> 00:08:05 launched in 2004 to study gamma ray
00:08:05 --> 00:08:07 bursts. But it's been so successful,
00:08:07 --> 00:08:10 uh, that there was a uh, real
00:08:10 --> 00:08:13 uh, I guess desire to uh, to save
00:08:13 --> 00:08:16 it because its orbit is decaying.
00:08:16 --> 00:08:19 And as of later this year we expect
00:08:19 --> 00:08:22 it, Its orbit will actually get
00:08:22 --> 00:08:24 so much atmospheric drag that it will decay
00:08:24 --> 00:08:27 very quickly and the spacecraft, the Swift
00:08:27 --> 00:08:29 spacecraft will burn up in the atmosphere.
00:08:30 --> 00:08:32 So, um, the Link mission, uh,
00:08:32 --> 00:08:35 was a joint, um, project
00:08:35 --> 00:08:38 between NASA and a company called
00:08:38 --> 00:08:40 Catalyst, Catalyst Space. Uh,
00:08:40 --> 00:08:43 and indeed the Link spacecraft was launched
00:08:43 --> 00:08:44 on July 3
00:08:46 --> 00:08:49 with every intention of rendezvousing with
00:08:49 --> 00:08:52 the Swift spacecraft and lifting its orbit.
00:08:52 --> 00:08:54 And I'll get onto that in a minute because
00:08:54 --> 00:08:56 that's basically James's question.
00:08:57 --> 00:08:59 But what happened was um, they had an
00:08:59 --> 00:09:02 attitude control issue. Uh,
00:09:02 --> 00:09:05 and so very quickly the,
00:09:05 --> 00:09:08 and probably within weeks link, uh,
00:09:09 --> 00:09:11 the spacecraft that was going to save Swift
00:09:11 --> 00:09:13 just started tumbling out of control.
00:09:14 --> 00:09:17 Um, and we got an announcement uh,
00:09:17 --> 00:09:20 very soon after that that the spacecraft
00:09:20 --> 00:09:22 would not capture or boost the Swift
00:09:22 --> 00:09:24 satellite's altitude as planned.
00:09:25 --> 00:09:27 Um, I think
00:09:28 --> 00:09:30 they're still attempting
00:09:31 --> 00:09:34 to rendezvous with Swift. In other
00:09:34 --> 00:09:37 words to bring the Link spacecraft close to
00:09:37 --> 00:09:39 Swift just to cheque that
00:09:39 --> 00:09:42 all their capabilities in terms of
00:09:42 --> 00:09:45 rendezvous uh, are working. But
00:09:45 --> 00:09:47 because of this out of control tumbling,
00:09:48 --> 00:09:50 um, they're not going to be able to do
00:09:50 --> 00:09:52 anything on that. Um,
00:09:53 --> 00:09:56 so um, it's turning into a
00:09:56 --> 00:09:59 mission that is a face saving mission in a
00:09:59 --> 00:10:01 way. Uh, there is a nice piece on
00:10:02 --> 00:10:05 our own friend Universe today. Uh, they've
00:10:05 --> 00:10:07 got a nice piece on it called NASA Announces
00:10:07 --> 00:10:10 Next Steps for Swift Rescue Mission. And it
00:10:10 --> 00:10:12 has a lot of quotes from uh, people like
00:10:13 --> 00:10:15 uh, the NASA administrator Jared Isaacman,
00:10:15 --> 00:10:18 uh, and, and other people involved, uh,
00:10:18 --> 00:10:20 Catalyst Space have released a statement,
00:10:21 --> 00:10:24 um, all of which is you know, basically
00:10:24 --> 00:10:26 saying that they, they'd hope for more
00:10:26 --> 00:10:29 science from Swift. Um, I think
00:10:29 --> 00:10:32 this is a comment from Sean
00:10:32 --> 00:10:34 Domagal Goldman who's Director of
00:10:34 --> 00:10:37 Astrophysics at NASA, uh, who says we were
00:10:37 --> 00:10:39 all hoping for more science from Swift, but
00:10:39 --> 00:10:41 we knew the takeaways from this mission would
00:10:41 --> 00:10:43 be worthwhile either way. We've gained so
00:10:43 --> 00:10:45 much through the series of accomplishments up
00:10:45 --> 00:10:47 to this point. Building, testing and
00:10:47 --> 00:10:49 operating. This mission has already
00:10:49 --> 00:10:51 strengthened America's space industry
00:10:51 --> 00:10:53 pipeline, advancing in space
00:10:54 --> 00:10:56 servicing capabilities in completely new
00:10:56 --> 00:10:58 ways. And I think that's a reflection of the
00:10:58 --> 00:11:00 fact that this was all done in double quick
00:11:00 --> 00:11:03 time. Uh, even though it's in the end not
00:11:03 --> 00:11:06 succeeded, um, it has been um, a
00:11:06 --> 00:11:08 mission from which people have learned a lot.
00:11:08 --> 00:11:11 So just going back to James's question, how
00:11:11 --> 00:11:14 do you boost uh, the
00:11:14 --> 00:11:16 orbit or increase the orbit of a spacecraft?
00:11:17 --> 00:11:19 Uh, what you have to do is you have to
00:11:19 --> 00:11:22 increase its velocity. And so
00:11:22 --> 00:11:24 um, what I think the Link
00:11:24 --> 00:11:27 spacecraft would have done would have been
00:11:27 --> 00:11:29 and I think it had three arms that could
00:11:29 --> 00:11:32 grapple onto Swift ont
00:11:32 --> 00:11:35 hard points on Swift's sort of
00:11:35 --> 00:11:36 fuselage, what they call the bus, the main
00:11:36 --> 00:11:39 part of the satellite. So I think it was
00:11:39 --> 00:11:41 three that it will grab hold of and then you
00:11:41 --> 00:11:43 use the link, uh thrusters
00:11:44 --> 00:11:47 to apply a velocity or
00:11:47 --> 00:11:50 an acceleration uh, essentially in the
00:11:50 --> 00:11:52 direction of travel. Uh, because remember,
00:11:52 --> 00:11:54 all satellites are essentially travelling
00:11:54 --> 00:11:57 horizontally. They're all moving in
00:11:57 --> 00:12:00 orbits that are parallel to the Earth. Of
00:12:00 --> 00:12:01 course, it's the fact that there's a sphere
00:12:01 --> 00:12:04 that means the orbit is a circ. Um, so what
00:12:04 --> 00:12:06 you do is you boost its
00:12:06 --> 00:12:09 velocity. And what that does is
00:12:09 --> 00:12:12 it raises what we call the apogee.
00:12:13 --> 00:12:15 So it elongates the ellipse
00:12:15 --> 00:12:18 that the spacecraft
00:12:18 --> 00:12:21 orbit is in. Um, so
00:12:21 --> 00:12:23 you boost its velocity and
00:12:23 --> 00:12:26 you get an extended ellipse. And the near
00:12:26 --> 00:12:28 part of the ellipse, what we call perigee,
00:12:28 --> 00:12:31 the part closest to the earth, sort of where
00:12:31 --> 00:12:32 you started from, that's still at the same
00:12:32 --> 00:12:35 height, but you've given the far part,
00:12:35 --> 00:12:37 um, the apogee a much higher
00:12:38 --> 00:12:40 radius. And then what you do is,
00:12:41 --> 00:12:44 uh, at the apogee, you
00:12:44 --> 00:12:46 boost it again, you boost the velocity again.
00:12:46 --> 00:12:49 And that lifts the perigee, that actually
00:12:49 --> 00:12:51 lifts the near point. So it's a two step
00:12:51 --> 00:12:53 process. Uh, but it's all about just
00:12:53 --> 00:12:55 increasing the velocity of the spacecraft.
00:12:55 --> 00:12:58 And that automatically lifts the orbit,
00:12:58 --> 00:13:00 uh, in a way that I've described.
00:13:00 --> 00:13:03 Andrew Dunkley: That's how it works in theory, James. It
00:13:03 --> 00:13:05 unfortunately didn't happen. The rescue
00:13:05 --> 00:13:08 missions failed. But uh, the good news news
00:13:08 --> 00:13:10 is Swift will continue to operate. Uh,
00:13:10 --> 00:13:13 they've restarted um, its observations,
00:13:14 --> 00:13:16 uh, but it is in a very rapid
00:13:17 --> 00:13:20 decaying orbit. And they expect re
00:13:20 --> 00:13:23 entry late, uh, well, not so long
00:13:23 --> 00:13:25 now. Late this year.
00:13:25 --> 00:13:25 Andrew Dunkley: Late.
00:13:26 --> 00:13:29 Andrew Dunkley: We're entering late this year already. So we
00:13:29 --> 00:13:29 are.
00:13:29 --> 00:13:31 Professor Fred Watson: That's right. Yeah. I don't think it's much
00:13:31 --> 00:13:31 longer.
00:13:31 --> 00:13:33 Andrew Dunkley: I only got a couple of months to live.
00:13:33 --> 00:13:35 Unfortunately they couldn't save it. But um,
00:13:35 --> 00:13:38 yeah, I
00:13:38 --> 00:13:41 guess they were very hopeful. But um,
00:13:41 --> 00:13:44 it was a pretty last minute thing to try and
00:13:44 --> 00:13:46 do and um, it just didn't work out,
00:13:47 --> 00:13:50 unfortunately. Got um, a
00:13:50 --> 00:13:52 message from Europe as well. Someone's up at
00:13:52 --> 00:13:54 4am and I asked why and he said my little
00:13:54 --> 00:13:56 toddler woke me up. They do that.
00:13:57 --> 00:14:00 They do that. But um, anyway, glad you found
00:14:00 --> 00:14:03 us. Uh, thank you James for the question.
00:14:03 --> 00:14:05 Uh, we'll move straight onto our next
00:14:05 --> 00:14:08 question from Dale, who's in New Zealand.
00:14:08 --> 00:14:10 Uh, he's referring to a question that came
00:14:10 --> 00:14:12 from Roger the trucker, which uh, I think we
00:14:12 --> 00:14:15 covered a few weeks ago. Um, who asked?
00:14:15 --> 00:14:18 Is distant light redshifted? What happens
00:14:18 --> 00:14:21 to the lost energy? And Dale says
00:14:21 --> 00:14:24 surely no energy is lost. Isn't it just
00:14:24 --> 00:14:25 stretched?
00:14:27 --> 00:14:30 Professor Fred Watson: Yes, that's right. So, excuse me, but
00:14:30 --> 00:14:32 longer wavelength, which is what you stretch
00:14:32 --> 00:14:35 it into, um, means,
00:14:36 --> 00:14:39 um, means that the energy that's
00:14:39 --> 00:14:42 carried is less. Uh, and
00:14:42 --> 00:14:45 I guess it's like, you know,
00:14:45 --> 00:14:48 the particle wave duality. The
00:14:48 --> 00:14:50 fact that we can think of light as both a
00:14:50 --> 00:14:53 particle and as a wave. You can think of it
00:14:53 --> 00:14:55 as a particle with certain energy, a photon,
00:14:55 --> 00:14:57 uh, or you can think of it as a wave with a
00:14:57 --> 00:14:59 certain wavelength. And the longer the
00:14:59 --> 00:15:01 wavelength, the lower the energy. So we talk
00:15:01 --> 00:15:04 about high energy astrophysics as being
00:15:04 --> 00:15:06 things that. Where we use gamma rays and X
00:15:06 --> 00:15:08 rays to. To probe space.
00:15:09 --> 00:15:12 So, um, I do remember we
00:15:12 --> 00:15:15 looked at this question and got a number of
00:15:15 --> 00:15:18 different answers. Um, most of
00:15:18 --> 00:15:20 which were don't worry about it.
00:15:22 --> 00:15:25 Which is kind of, uh, what our listener
00:15:25 --> 00:15:28 is, uh, saying, don't worry about it.
00:15:28 --> 00:15:29 It'll be all right. Um,
00:15:32 --> 00:15:34 there is a suggestion that some of that
00:15:34 --> 00:15:37 energy, uh, effectively goes
00:15:37 --> 00:15:38 into raising the background temperature of
00:15:38 --> 00:15:41 the universe. By a tiny gazillionth of
00:15:41 --> 00:15:44 a degree. Uh, but there's another point of
00:15:44 --> 00:15:46 view. It's interesting. It's worth, um, you
00:15:46 --> 00:15:48 know, having a look and, uh. Going down the
00:15:48 --> 00:15:50 rabbit hole. I, uh, haven't had time to do
00:15:50 --> 00:15:53 that again. Um, but, um.
00:15:53 --> 00:15:55 Uh, yeah, go down the rabbit hole and have a
00:15:55 --> 00:15:57 look at what people think about the energy
00:15:57 --> 00:16:00 loss, uh, from, um. The redshift
00:16:00 --> 00:16:02 energy is lost. It goes somewhere, uh,
00:16:02 --> 00:16:05 because the universe is a closed system. Uh,
00:16:05 --> 00:16:08 um. My understanding, as it was always. That
00:16:08 --> 00:16:09 it basically heats the cosmic microwave
00:16:09 --> 00:16:11 background very, very slightly.
00:16:12 --> 00:16:14 Andrew Dunkley: That makes sense, yes. Hope that answers your
00:16:14 --> 00:16:16 question, Dale. Thanks for sending it in and
00:16:16 --> 00:16:17 hope all is well in New Zealand.
00:16:18 --> 00:16:21 This is space nuts. Andrew Dunkley here on a
00:16:21 --> 00:16:23 Q and A edition with Professor Fred Watson
00:16:23 --> 00:16:23 Watson.
00:16:26 --> 00:16:28 Okay, Houston, we've had a problem here.
00:16:28 --> 00:16:28 Generic: This is Houston.
00:16:28 --> 00:16:30 Andrew Dunkley: Say again, please. Houston, we've had about.
00:16:30 --> 00:16:32 We've had a main B plus undervolt. Roger,
00:16:32 --> 00:16:35 main B undervolt. Okay, standby 13. We're
00:16:35 --> 00:16:37 looking at it, Stacey, but I'm going to let a
00:16:37 --> 00:16:39 cat out of a bag here, Fred Watson. In my,
00:16:39 --> 00:16:42 um, new trilogy that. It's just
00:16:42 --> 00:16:44 been released and I think I've sold one copy.
00:16:45 --> 00:16:48 Um, the main B bus
00:16:48 --> 00:16:50 undervolt problem on Apollo 13.
00:16:50 --> 00:16:51 Professor Fred Watson: All right.
00:16:51 --> 00:16:53 Andrew Dunkley: I used that in. I used that in one of the
00:16:53 --> 00:16:55 books just for fun.
00:16:56 --> 00:16:56 Professor Fred Watson: Love it.
00:16:57 --> 00:16:58 Andrew Dunkley: Yeah.
00:16:58 --> 00:17:00 Professor Fred Watson: Anyway, it's nice to put these little, little
00:17:00 --> 00:17:02 snippets in. I've done that in a few of my
00:17:02 --> 00:17:05 books that put things in it that probably I'm
00:17:05 --> 00:17:07 the only person would know that I was
00:17:07 --> 00:17:08 alluding something else.
00:17:08 --> 00:17:11 Andrew Dunkley: I do it a lot. I think I've done it a few
00:17:11 --> 00:17:13 times in this series. Just for fun. And the
00:17:13 --> 00:17:15 people who know will know. The people who
00:17:15 --> 00:17:17 don't will just keep reading and it'll just
00:17:17 --> 00:17:18 be part of the storey, so. That's right,
00:17:19 --> 00:17:19 yeah.
00:17:19 --> 00:17:22 Um, let's go to our next question from one of
00:17:22 --> 00:17:24 our regular, uh, contributors. Here is Fred.
00:17:25 --> 00:17:28 Andrew Dunkley: Hello, friend. And Andrew. This is
00:17:28 --> 00:17:30 Fred calling you from
00:17:30 --> 00:17:32 Minnesota. Thank you for your podcast.
00:17:33 --> 00:17:36 I never miss an episode for it. I have
00:17:36 --> 00:17:39 a question for you about the temperature
00:17:39 --> 00:17:42 on the moon. Now, it's well
00:17:42 --> 00:17:45 known that the temperature on the surface
00:17:45 --> 00:17:48 swings greatly with the orbit of the
00:17:48 --> 00:17:51 moon. But what about underneath
00:17:51 --> 00:17:53 the moon as below its surface?
00:17:54 --> 00:17:57 How constant is it? Does it also
00:17:57 --> 00:17:59 swing around? Does it matter how deep
00:17:59 --> 00:18:02 you go underneath the moon?
00:18:03 --> 00:18:05 This has, of course, relevance
00:18:06 --> 00:18:08 to putting people on the moon and living
00:18:09 --> 00:18:11 on them. Thank you very much
00:18:12 --> 00:18:13 for the question. Bye now.
00:18:14 --> 00:18:16 Andrew Dunkley: Thank you, Fred. He brings up a really good
00:18:16 --> 00:18:19 point. We are going to have people spending
00:18:19 --> 00:18:21 time on the moon in the not too distant
00:18:21 --> 00:18:23 future and some of them will, you know,
00:18:23 --> 00:18:26 they're not just going to go up and kick the
00:18:26 --> 00:18:27 sand and then come home again like you do
00:18:27 --> 00:18:29 when you go to the beach. They'll be up there
00:18:29 --> 00:18:32 for a decent period of time. Um,
00:18:32 --> 00:18:35 I'd say rotating rosters of weeks or
00:18:35 --> 00:18:37 whatever. Uh, how are they going to deal with
00:18:37 --> 00:18:39 these temperatures? Because, uh, as far as I
00:18:39 --> 00:18:42 recall, the moon is one of
00:18:42 --> 00:18:45 the coldest places in the solar system, is it
00:18:45 --> 00:18:46 not?
00:18:47 --> 00:18:49 Professor Fred Watson: And the warmest as well. Um, it's
00:18:49 --> 00:18:51 temperature variation. I always get these
00:18:51 --> 00:18:54 figures wrong, but it's almost a 300 degree
00:18:54 --> 00:18:56 Celsius variation from minus
00:18:56 --> 00:18:59 150 to plus 150. They're slightly different.
00:18:59 --> 00:19:00 Andrew Dunkley: Just like Dubbo.
00:19:03 --> 00:19:05 Professor Fred Watson: Yes, it's a lot like Dubbo.
00:19:06 --> 00:19:09 Andrew Dunkley: No, I think our temperature variations are
00:19:09 --> 00:19:12 somewhere around 50 degrees, but it's still.
00:19:12 --> 00:19:14 Professor Fred Watson: Yeah, that's right. That's remarkable.
00:19:14 --> 00:19:14 Andrew Dunkley: Celsius.
00:19:14 --> 00:19:17 Professor Fred Watson: Um, 50. Celsius. Yes.
00:19:17 --> 00:19:19 What's your lowest that you've ever had?
00:19:20 --> 00:19:22 Andrew Dunkley: Minus 7.4, I think.
00:19:23 --> 00:19:25 Which was only a couple of years ago. Yeah,
00:19:25 --> 00:19:28 yep, something like that.
00:19:29 --> 00:19:31 Quite. Our warmest is 40.
00:19:32 --> 00:19:35 No, we got to 50 the year before last.
00:19:36 --> 00:19:38 So, uh, there you go, it's 50. 50. Nearly 58
00:19:38 --> 00:19:40 degrees variation.
00:19:41 --> 00:19:43 Professor Fred Watson: Yeah, yeah. Eat your heart out, Moon.
00:19:44 --> 00:19:47 Because the moon's much higher. And
00:19:47 --> 00:19:49 of course the reason for that is that there's
00:19:49 --> 00:19:52 no atmosphere. So during the day you've got
00:19:52 --> 00:19:55 the sun's radiation beaming down, heating the
00:19:55 --> 00:19:57 surface. And, uh, it's the surf temperature
00:19:57 --> 00:19:59 that we talk about when we mean these things.
00:19:59 --> 00:20:02 Well over 100 degrees and at night that just
00:20:02 --> 00:20:04 all radiates into space, um, and
00:20:05 --> 00:20:07 the surface cools to minus 100
00:20:08 --> 00:20:10 and something degrees as well. I can't
00:20:10 --> 00:20:11 remember that. I can never remember the exact
00:20:11 --> 00:20:13 figures. I should have them in my head. But
00:20:14 --> 00:20:16 the good news is, and I think, you know, this
00:20:16 --> 00:20:19 is what Fred's alluding to is that
00:20:20 --> 00:20:22 the, the lunar soil
00:20:23 --> 00:20:26 um, is very poor. It's a very poor
00:20:26 --> 00:20:29 conductor of heat. Ah, and
00:20:29 --> 00:20:32 so that means that, you know, you don't have
00:20:32 --> 00:20:34 to go down
00:20:35 --> 00:20:38 too far to find that those temperatures
00:20:38 --> 00:20:41 even out quite a bit. I'm reading
00:20:41 --> 00:20:44 from um, from a, um, an article
00:20:44 --> 00:20:46 actually on lunar surface temperature. Uh,
00:20:46 --> 00:20:49 I'm going to quote from it. Measurements from
00:20:50 --> 00:20:52 the Apollo 15 and 17
00:20:52 --> 00:20:55 missions show that temperatures
00:20:55 --> 00:20:58 35 centimetres below the surface, that's ah,
00:20:58 --> 00:21:01 not much more than a foot, are ah, 40 to
00:21:01 --> 00:21:03 45 degrees Kelvin,
00:21:03 --> 00:21:06 warmer than the minimum
00:21:06 --> 00:21:09 surface nighttime temperature, avoiding the
00:21:09 --> 00:21:11 harshest cold. So it brings the
00:21:11 --> 00:21:14 temperature up and that's only a foot or so
00:21:14 --> 00:21:17 below the surface. And then continuing the
00:21:17 --> 00:21:19 same article, um, by the time you
00:21:19 --> 00:21:22 get to getting on for a metre, 80
00:21:22 --> 00:21:25 centimetres, 30 inches if you prefer
00:21:25 --> 00:21:28 that below the surface the
00:21:29 --> 00:21:32 day and night variations are
00:21:32 --> 00:21:35 uh, imperceptible. So that
00:21:35 --> 00:21:37 is incredible really that you've only
00:21:37 --> 00:21:40 got to go um, you know,
00:21:40 --> 00:21:43 80 centimetres less than a metre below the
00:21:43 --> 00:21:46 surface and the material there
00:21:46 --> 00:21:48 does not see these enormous
00:21:48 --> 00:21:51 swings in temperature. Uh, it's become
00:21:51 --> 00:21:54 imperceptible. Um, and then
00:21:54 --> 00:21:57 when you get to below a metre, um,
00:21:58 --> 00:22:01 then you get an average temperature which is
00:22:01 --> 00:22:02 kind of the average of the hottest and the
00:22:02 --> 00:22:05 coldest. And that is very nice because it
00:22:05 --> 00:22:07 makes it about 20 degrees Celsius
00:22:07 --> 00:22:09 or um, you know,
00:22:10 --> 00:22:13 that sort of basically that uh,
00:22:14 --> 00:22:16 20 degrees Celsius is.
00:22:17 --> 00:22:19 I beg your pardon, it's minus 20 degrees
00:22:19 --> 00:22:22 Celsius, not 20 degrees but still
00:22:22 --> 00:22:25 within reason. Um, and so
00:22:26 --> 00:22:29 it means that if you can look for caves
00:22:29 --> 00:22:32 and pits in the lunar, uh,
00:22:32 --> 00:22:35 regolith in the lunar soil then
00:22:35 --> 00:22:38 you've got a really good chance of having a
00:22:38 --> 00:22:41 place where you've got, without any air
00:22:41 --> 00:22:43 conditioning or anything. You've got a
00:22:43 --> 00:22:46 ready temperature round about 17
00:22:46 --> 00:22:48 degrees Celsius, uh, day and night
00:22:49 --> 00:22:52 without these extremes. So um, that's
00:22:52 --> 00:22:55 really good news. I think from the
00:22:55 --> 00:22:57 perspective of our future exploration of the
00:22:57 --> 00:23:00 moon, uh, that this variation uh,
00:23:01 --> 00:23:03 is only on the surface. The extreme
00:23:04 --> 00:23:05 variation is only on the surface itself.
00:23:06 --> 00:23:09 Andrew Dunkley: M There you go Fred. So good question, thanks
00:23:09 --> 00:23:12 for asking it. Uh, and uh, great to hear from
00:23:12 --> 00:23:12 you again.
00:23:13 --> 00:23:15 Uh, our European listener whose
00:23:15 --> 00:23:18 toddler woke them up at 4am has sent us a
00:23:18 --> 00:23:21 note Saying he's an astrobiologist working in
00:23:21 --> 00:23:24 the ExoMars science team. Uh,
00:23:24 --> 00:23:26 he's a big fan of the show and I thought,
00:23:26 --> 00:23:28 oh, I'm going to look this up. ExoMars, uh,
00:23:29 --> 00:23:32 science team, uh, is um,
00:23:32 --> 00:23:35 looking into ExoMars, uh, missions,
00:23:38 --> 00:23:40 uh, particularly in um,
00:23:41 --> 00:23:44 part, uh, working on the uh, Roslyn Franklin
00:23:44 --> 00:23:47 rover. And they're trying to find out
00:23:47 --> 00:23:49 did Mars ever have life and could traces of
00:23:49 --> 00:23:52 it still be preserved underground. So um, I
00:23:52 --> 00:23:55 looked that up and since then another note's
00:23:55 --> 00:23:58 come through. Our Rover has a 2 metre drill
00:23:58 --> 00:24:00 to get samples from Mars. Uh, subsurface
00:24:00 --> 00:24:03 organics will be preserved. Um,
00:24:03 --> 00:24:05 what do you think will we find? And
00:24:05 --> 00:24:08 biosignatures, always throwing you a
00:24:08 --> 00:24:09 curvy there.
00:24:10 --> 00:24:12 Professor Fred Watson: The trouble is it's knowing that they are
00:24:12 --> 00:24:15 biosignatures. Yes, he or she, uh.
00:24:15 --> 00:24:18 Well, look, an honour to have somebody uh,
00:24:18 --> 00:24:20 working right in the front line of this
00:24:20 --> 00:24:23 stuff, particularly in Europe, very close to
00:24:23 --> 00:24:25 my heart. Uh, it's an honour to have you
00:24:25 --> 00:24:28 listening and um, participating in the show.
00:24:28 --> 00:24:29 Thank you very much. Um,
00:24:31 --> 00:24:33 the issue with biosignatures is are
00:24:33 --> 00:24:36 they biosignatures or are there false alarms?
00:24:36 --> 00:24:38 And it is so difficult
00:24:39 --> 00:24:42 to essentially eliminate everything
00:24:42 --> 00:24:45 else that could be causing whatever that
00:24:45 --> 00:24:46 biosignature is, whether it's uh,
00:24:47 --> 00:24:50 microbial structure or uh,
00:24:50 --> 00:24:53 metabolic activity or whatever it is. It's
00:24:53 --> 00:24:56 very hard to eliminate what you might call
00:24:56 --> 00:24:59 natural, non biological, uh, origins.
00:24:59 --> 00:25:02 But digging deep is the way to go. Uh,
00:25:02 --> 00:25:05 I think the ExoMars project has
00:25:05 --> 00:25:08 had mixed fortunes because it was originally
00:25:09 --> 00:25:11 uh, going to be uh, a joint
00:25:11 --> 00:25:14 European Russian project, um,
00:25:14 --> 00:25:16 which I think was shelved probably at the
00:25:16 --> 00:25:19 time of the invasion of Crimea in
00:25:19 --> 00:25:22 2014. I think that's what happened. Um,
00:25:22 --> 00:25:25 and so, um, But I think Europe
00:25:25 --> 00:25:27 is carrying on its own,
00:25:28 --> 00:25:31 uh, I wish, uh, uh, our listeners and
00:25:31 --> 00:25:33 everybody working with them every success,
00:25:33 --> 00:25:35 uh, because these are things we want to know.
00:25:35 --> 00:25:38 Andrew Dunkley: Yeah, absolutely. Uh, Issa says the rover
00:25:38 --> 00:25:41 will target an ancient clay rich region where
00:25:41 --> 00:25:43 minerals formed in the presence of abundant
00:25:43 --> 00:25:46 liquid water and could have preserved
00:25:46 --> 00:25:47 evidence of ancient life. And their launch
00:25:48 --> 00:25:51 window is set for late
00:25:51 --> 00:25:53 2028 at this stage. So. Yes,
00:25:54 --> 00:25:55 fingers crossed. That'll be exciting. Looking
00:25:55 --> 00:25:57 forward to that. Thanks for letting us know.
00:26:00 --> 00:26:01 Generic: Roger, in your labs right here.
00:26:01 --> 00:26:02 Andrew Dunkley: Also space nuts.
00:26:03 --> 00:26:05 Final question, Fred Watson. This comes from
00:26:05 --> 00:26:08 Kevin. So, uh, this is uh, going to be more
00:26:08 --> 00:26:11 of a hypothetical. I understand we have no
00:26:11 --> 00:26:13 observational evidence of white holes, but we
00:26:13 --> 00:26:16 do have a fair mathematical understanding of
00:26:16 --> 00:26:19 them. So my question is if a white hole
00:26:19 --> 00:26:21 actually existed, what would happen
00:26:22 --> 00:26:24 if it Merged with a black hole. Would they
00:26:24 --> 00:26:26 essentially cancel each other out? What
00:26:26 --> 00:26:29 would, would be left afterwards? Just, uh,
00:26:29 --> 00:26:31 some random thoughts. I was thinking, uh, and
00:26:31 --> 00:26:34 would love some insight on what you guys
00:26:34 --> 00:26:36 think. Amazing show. Keep up the great work,
00:26:36 --> 00:26:38 Kevin. I know the answer to this one,
00:26:38 --> 00:26:38 Fred Watson.
00:26:39 --> 00:26:41 Professor Fred Watson: Good, good. It would
00:26:41 --> 00:26:44 be a grey hole. Uh, well,
00:26:44 --> 00:26:47 that's. Could be right. My mind
00:26:47 --> 00:26:50 went straight to when a black hole and a
00:26:50 --> 00:26:52 Whitehall love each other very much.
00:26:52 --> 00:26:53 Andrew Dunkley: Oh, boy.
00:26:53 --> 00:26:53 Professor Fred Watson: Then they
00:26:56 --> 00:26:58 come together and make a grey hole. How's
00:26:58 --> 00:27:01 that? Ah, yeah, um, that's a
00:27:01 --> 00:27:03 good question. And I, Sorry, I'm,
00:27:04 --> 00:27:06 I'm still a little bit, um,
00:27:06 --> 00:27:08 unprepared for these, um,
00:27:09 --> 00:27:11 because my focus is on making my knee better.
00:27:12 --> 00:27:15 But, uh, I would like to cheque that out and
00:27:15 --> 00:27:17 see what the pundits think. In the world of
00:27:17 --> 00:27:19 black holes and white holes, we've never seen
00:27:19 --> 00:27:22 any evidence for a white hole. Um, you
00:27:22 --> 00:27:25 can create a white hole
00:27:25 --> 00:27:28 mathematically, uh, by reversing the
00:27:28 --> 00:27:31 time, uh, factor in the equations of
00:27:31 --> 00:27:33 relativity, and then you get a white hole
00:27:33 --> 00:27:35 rather than a black hole. But that does not
00:27:35 --> 00:27:37 mean that they exist. We do know that black
00:27:37 --> 00:27:40 holes exist. The evidence for their existence
00:27:40 --> 00:27:43 is absolutely compelling. Um,
00:27:43 --> 00:27:46 I, you know, the idea of them cancelling out
00:27:46 --> 00:27:49 is the one that has the most appeal, because
00:27:49 --> 00:27:51 that sounds feasible. Gravitational wells.
00:27:51 --> 00:27:53 Yeah. Of different kinds of,
00:27:54 --> 00:27:57 uh. But I, I, That's a flippant comment. I'll
00:27:57 --> 00:27:59 need to look at this again. Perhaps you can
00:27:59 --> 00:28:01 remind me until we can get back to Kevin, uh,
00:28:01 --> 00:28:04 and talk about what happens when you get a
00:28:04 --> 00:28:04 grey hole.
00:28:05 --> 00:28:08 Andrew Dunkley: Yeah. Um, I think you end up
00:28:08 --> 00:28:09 in a, uh, retirement village.
00:28:09 --> 00:28:10 Professor Fred Watson: Sure.
00:28:14 --> 00:28:16 Andrew Dunkley: And Moose says, aren't white holes still
00:28:16 --> 00:28:18 theory only? Yes, absolutely.
00:28:18 --> 00:28:19 Professor Fred Watson: That's right. Absolutely right.
00:28:21 --> 00:28:22 Andrew Dunkley: It's like many things in the universe, the
00:28:22 --> 00:28:25 mathematics says, yes, they could exist,
00:28:26 --> 00:28:28 um, but we've never seen them and
00:28:29 --> 00:28:31 we don't have any other proof, so.
00:28:31 --> 00:28:32 Professor Fred Watson: Quite fun.
00:28:32 --> 00:28:35 Andrew Dunkley: Yes, indeed. Uh, thanks for the question,
00:28:35 --> 00:28:37 Kevin. Thanks to everybody who contributed.
00:28:37 --> 00:28:39 Thanks to our live audience who contributed
00:28:39 --> 00:28:41 today. Lovely to hear from you. I think
00:28:41 --> 00:28:44 that's the most active it's ever been. So
00:28:44 --> 00:28:46 it's, uh, value added to the show. We really
00:28:46 --> 00:28:48 appreciate it. And thank you, Fred Watson.
00:28:48 --> 00:28:51 Professor Fred Watson: Uh, as always, it's a pleasure,
00:28:51 --> 00:28:54 Andrew. I hope next time we speak my
00:28:54 --> 00:28:57 knee will be just slightly more tractable
00:28:57 --> 00:28:59 than it is at the moment as the months wear
00:28:59 --> 00:29:02 on and I get back to being 100%
00:29:03 --> 00:29:05 mobile again, which I'm looking forward to.
00:29:05 --> 00:29:07 Andrew Dunkley: Fingers crossed. Good to have you back too.
00:29:07 --> 00:29:08 Professor Fred Watson: Thank you.
00:29:08 --> 00:29:10 Andrew Dunkley: Professor Fred Watson Watson, astronomer at
00:29:10 --> 00:29:12 large. And don't, uh, forget to visit us
00:29:12 --> 00:29:14 online where you can leave questions on the
00:29:14 --> 00:29:16 AMA button at the top. Um, text or audio
00:29:16 --> 00:29:18 questions. Don't forget to tell us who you
00:29:18 --> 00:29:20 are or where you're from and please leave
00:29:20 --> 00:29:22 reviews wherever you listen to us, us. And,
00:29:22 --> 00:29:24 um, have a look around on our website while
00:29:24 --> 00:29:26 you're there and see what else you can find
00:29:26 --> 00:29:29 to, uh, keep you amused between
00:29:29 --> 00:29:31 episodes. And uh, thanks to Huw in the studio
00:29:31 --> 00:29:34 who couldn't be with us today because, um,
00:29:34 --> 00:29:37 like many things in the universe, his
00:29:37 --> 00:29:40 existence is just theoretical. And from me,
00:29:40 --> 00:29:41 Andrew Dunkley, thanks for your company.
00:29:42 --> 00:29:43 We'll see you on the next episode of Space
00:29:43 --> 00:29:44 Nuts.
00:29:44 --> 00:29:44 Andrew Dunkley: Bye.
00:29:44 --> 00:29:44 Generic: Bye.
00:29:46 --> 00:29:48 Andrew Dunkley: You've been listening to the Space Nuts
00:29:48 --> 00:29:51 podcast, mission completed. Available at
00:29:51 --> 00:29:53 Apple Podcasts, Spotify,
00:29:53 --> 00:29:56 iHeartRadio or your favourite podcast
00:29:56 --> 00:29:58 player. You can also stream on
00:29:58 --> 00:30:00 demand@bytes.com this
00:30:00 --> 00:30:02 Professor Fred Watson: has been another quality podcast production
00:30:02 --> 00:30:04 from bytes.com.