- SpaceX's Game-Changing ISS Test: SpaceX has successfully completed a crucial reboost test of the International Space Station (ISS) using its Dragon cargo spacecraft. This test, which raised the ISS's altitude by 5 miles, is vital for maintaining the station's orbit, especially with concerns over Russia's potential withdrawal from the ISS programme by 2028. The precision of this manoeuvre highlights SpaceX's growing capabilities in supporting the ISS's future.
- James Webb's Distant Galaxy Discovery: NASA's James Webb Space Telescope has identified what could be the most distant galaxy observed, Jades GS Z13.0, formed just 325 million years after the Big Bang. This finding challenges existing models of early cosmic evolution, suggesting that galaxy formation occurred much faster than previously thought.
- Solar Eclipse Predictions Under Scrutiny: Recent research reveals that the paths of solar eclipses may not be as precise as once believed, with potential discrepancies of hundreds of metres due to the sun's angular size. New eclipse maps are being created to account for these uncertainties, particularly for the upcoming eclipse on August 12, 2026.
- Perseverance Rover's Groundbreaking Find: NASA's Perseverance rover has detected convincing evidence of ancient microbial life in a rock sample from Jezero Crater. This discovery, if confirmed, could fundamentally change our understanding of life beyond Earth.
- Juno Mission Uncovers Callisto's Auroras: NASA's Juno mission has detected auroral footprints from Callisto, Jupiter's fourth Galilean moon, confirming that all four moons interact with Jupiter's magnetosphere. This finding suggests Callisto may have a more complex interior than previously thought.
- SpaceX's Ambitious Starship Infrastructure: SpaceX is rapidly developing its Starship launch infrastructure at Kennedy Space Centre, with plans for dual launch towers capable of supporting up to 76 annual launches. This expansion could significantly transform Florida's Space Coast and the global launch industry.
- For more cosmic updates, visit our website at astronomydaily.io. Join our community on social media by searching for #AstroDailyPod on Facebook, X, YouTube Music, TikTok, and our new Instagram account! Don’t forget to subscribe to the podcast on Apple Podcasts, Spotify, YouTube, iHeartRadio, or wherever you get your podcasts.
- Thank you for tuning in. This is Avery and Anna signing off. Until next time, keep looking up and exploring the wonders of our universe.
SpaceX ISS Test Details
[NASA](https://www.nasa.gov/)
James Webb Telescope Discoveries
[NASA](https://www.nasa.gov/)
Solar Eclipse Research
[Astrophysical Journal](https://iopscience.iop.org/journal/0004-637X)
Mars Perseverance Findings
[NASA](https://www.nasa.gov/)
Juno Mission Updates
[NASA](https://www.nasa.gov/)
SpaceX Starship Infrastructure
[SpaceX](https://www.spacex.com/)
Astronomy Daily
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00:00:00 --> 00:00:03 Anna: Welcome to Astronomy Daily, your
00:00:03 --> 00:00:05 trusted source for the latest space and
00:00:05 --> 00:00:07 astronomy news. I'm Anna.
00:00:08 --> 00:00:11 Avery: And I'm Avery. We've got some fascinating
00:00:11 --> 00:00:13 Stories today from SpaceX Testing new
00:00:13 --> 00:00:15 capabilities at the International Space
00:00:15 --> 00:00:18 Station to some surprising revelations
00:00:18 --> 00:00:20 about solar eclipse predictions.
00:00:20 --> 00:00:23 Anna: Plus we'll dive into a long awaited
00:00:23 --> 00:00:26 discovery involving Jupiter's moons and
00:00:26 --> 00:00:28 get an update on SpaceX's ambitious
00:00:28 --> 00:00:31 Starship programme in Florida. Let's jump
00:00:32 --> 00:00:35 right in. Before we dive into today's
00:00:35 --> 00:00:37 main stories, I have to say this has been
00:00:37 --> 00:00:40 an incredible week for space news. It feels
00:00:40 --> 00:00:42 like we're living through a real renaissance
00:00:42 --> 00:00:44 in space exploration.
00:00:44 --> 00:00:47 Avery: Absolutely, Anna. Between private companies
00:00:47 --> 00:00:50 pushing the boundaries and NASA's missions
00:00:50 --> 00:00:53 revealing new discoveries, it's hard to keep
00:00:53 --> 00:00:55 up sometimes. Speaking of which, our
00:00:55 --> 00:00:57 listeners have been asking for more technical
00:00:57 --> 00:01:00 detail in our discussions, so we'll be diving
00:01:00 --> 00:01:02 deeper into the science today.
00:01:03 --> 00:01:04 Anna: Our first story takes us to the International
00:01:05 --> 00:01:07 Space Station, where SpaceX just
00:01:07 --> 00:01:10 completed a crucial test that could be game
00:01:10 --> 00:01:13 changing for the station's future. On
00:01:13 --> 00:01:16 September 3rd, a dragon cargo spacecraft
00:01:16 --> 00:01:18 successfully performed what's called a
00:01:18 --> 00:01:21 reboost of the ISS using two
00:01:21 --> 00:01:24 of its Draco engines for just over five
00:01:24 --> 00:01:24 minutes.
00:01:25 --> 00:01:27 Avery: That's pretty impressive, Anna. So what
00:01:27 --> 00:01:30 exactly does reboosting mean for those who
00:01:30 --> 00:01:31 might not be familiar?
00:01:32 --> 00:01:34 Anna: Great question. Basically, the ISS
00:01:35 --> 00:01:38 is constantly losing altitude due to
00:01:38 --> 00:01:40 atmospheric drag, even though it's about
00:01:40 --> 00:01:43 250 miles up. Without regular
00:01:43 --> 00:01:45 boosts, it would eventually fall back to
00:01:45 --> 00:01:48 Earth. This particular test raised the
00:01:48 --> 00:01:51 station from roughly 250 miles
00:01:51 --> 00:01:52 to an orbit between
00:01:53 --> 00:01:56 256 and 261
00:01:56 --> 00:01:56 miles.
00:01:57 --> 00:01:59 Avery: And I'm guessing this is especially important
00:02:00 --> 00:02:02 because of the whole situation with Russia
00:02:02 --> 00:02:04 potentially leaving the iss programme by
00:02:04 --> 00:02:05 2028.
00:02:06 --> 00:02:09 Anna: Exactly. Right now, Russian progress
00:02:09 --> 00:02:11 vehicles handle most of the reboosting
00:02:11 --> 00:02:14 duties. If Russia withdraws, NASA
00:02:14 --> 00:02:17 needs alternative capabilities and this test
00:02:17 --> 00:02:20 proves that SpaceX can step up. They
00:02:20 --> 00:02:22 actually did their first reboost test back in
00:02:22 --> 00:02:25 November 2024, and now they're planning
00:02:25 --> 00:02:28 longer burns for fall 2025 to
00:02:28 --> 00:02:31 really put the system through its paces. It's
00:02:31 --> 00:02:33 worth understanding just how complex these
00:02:33 --> 00:02:36 reboost manoeuvres are. The Dragon
00:02:36 --> 00:02:38 spacecraft has to fire its thrusters in
00:02:38 --> 00:02:41 precise coordination with the ISS's
00:02:41 --> 00:02:44 attitude control systems. Too much
00:02:44 --> 00:02:46 thrust and you could destabilise the
00:02:46 --> 00:02:49 station's orientation. Too little and
00:02:49 --> 00:02:52 the reboost is ineffective. The fact that
00:02:52 --> 00:02:55 they achieved a 5 mile altitude increase with
00:02:55 --> 00:02:58 just a 5 minute burn shows incredible
00:02:58 --> 00:02:58 precision.
00:02:59 --> 00:03:01 Avery: It's also worth noting that SpaceX will
00:03:01 --> 00:03:04 eventually need these same capabilities when
00:03:04 --> 00:03:06 it comes time. To safely deorbit the ISS
00:03:07 --> 00:03:09 in a controlled fashion. So this
00:03:09 --> 00:03:12 testing serves multiple purposes.
00:03:13 --> 00:03:15 Anna: Now shifting our focus from low Earth orbit
00:03:15 --> 00:03:18 to much deeper space, we have some
00:03:18 --> 00:03:20 Fascinating news from NASA's James Webb
00:03:20 --> 00:03:23 Telescope. Researchers have identified what
00:03:23 --> 00:03:26 might be the most deep distant galaxy
00:03:26 --> 00:03:29 ever observed, designated Jades
00:03:29 --> 00:03:32 GS Z13.0,
00:03:32 --> 00:03:34 which appears to have formed just
00:03:34 --> 00:03:37 325 million years after the
00:03:37 --> 00:03:38 Big Bang.
00:03:38 --> 00:03:41 Avery: That's incredibly early in cosmic history.
00:03:41 --> 00:03:43 Just to put that in perspective for our
00:03:43 --> 00:03:45 listeners, if the Universe is about
00:03:45 --> 00:03:48 13.8 billion years old,
00:03:48 --> 00:03:51 this galaxy formed when the universe was less
00:03:51 --> 00:03:54 than 3% of its current age.
00:03:54 --> 00:03:57 How were astronomers able to determine such
00:03:57 --> 00:03:59 precise ages for these ancient objects?
00:04:00 --> 00:04:03 Anna: It all comes down to redshift, the phenomenon
00:04:03 --> 00:04:06 where light from distant objects is stretched
00:04:06 --> 00:04:09 to longer, redder wavelengths as the universe
00:04:09 --> 00:04:11 expands, The Webb telescope can detect
00:04:11 --> 00:04:14 these incredibly redshifted signatures in
00:04:14 --> 00:04:17 infrared light. What's remarkable about this
00:04:17 --> 00:04:19 particular galaxy is that it's not just
00:04:19 --> 00:04:22 distant, but it's also surprisingly massive
00:04:22 --> 00:04:25 and mature for its age, suggesting that
00:04:25 --> 00:04:28 galaxy form happened much faster in the early
00:04:28 --> 00:04:30 universe than we previously thought.
00:04:30 --> 00:04:33 Avery: This discovery is really challenging our
00:04:33 --> 00:04:36 models of early cosmic evolution. The
00:04:36 --> 00:04:38 fact that we're finding these large, well
00:04:38 --> 00:04:41 developed galaxies so early suggests that the
00:04:41 --> 00:04:44 first stars in galaxies formed even faster
00:04:44 --> 00:04:46 than our simulations predicted. It's
00:04:46 --> 00:04:48 discoveries like these that make the James
00:04:48 --> 00:04:51 Webb Space Telescope such a game changer for
00:04:51 --> 00:04:52 astronomy.
00:04:53 --> 00:04:55 Now, speaking of precision and accuracy, our
00:04:55 --> 00:04:58 next story might surprise anyone who's ever
00:04:58 --> 00:05:00 looked at those crisp, clean solar eclipse
00:05:00 --> 00:05:03 maps. Turns out those neat lines showing the
00:05:03 --> 00:05:06 path of totality. They're not nearly as
00:05:06 --> 00:05:07 precise as they appear.
00:05:07 --> 00:05:10 Anna: Oh, uh, this is fascinating stuff.
00:05:10 --> 00:05:12 What's the issue exactly?
00:05:12 --> 00:05:15 Avery: Well, it turns out the edges of totality are
00:05:15 --> 00:05:17 actually fuzzy and can be off by hundreds of
00:05:17 --> 00:05:20 metres. The problem stems from something
00:05:20 --> 00:05:23 pretty. We're still debating the
00:05:23 --> 00:05:26 sun's act size. The canonical
00:05:26 --> 00:05:29 radius that's been used for over a century is
00:05:29 --> 00:05:31 696 kilometres.
00:05:31 --> 00:05:34 But new measurements suggest that might be
00:05:34 --> 00:05:34 outdated.
00:05:35 --> 00:05:37 Anna: So how much difference are we talking about
00:05:37 --> 00:05:37 here?
00:05:38 --> 00:05:41 Avery: Researchers Luca Qualia suggests the sun's
00:05:41 --> 00:05:42 angular size is
00:05:42 --> 00:05:45 959.95 arcseconds
00:05:45 --> 00:05:46 versus the traditional
00:05:46 --> 00:05:48 959.63.
00:05:49 --> 00:05:51 That's a tiny difference, but it can shift
00:05:51 --> 00:05:53 the eclipse path edge by up to
00:05:53 --> 00:05:56 2ft. When you factor in the
00:05:56 --> 00:05:59 sun's fuzzy photosphere and the moon's jagged
00:05:59 --> 00:06:01 mountain peaks, things get even more
00:06:01 --> 00:06:01 complicated.
00:06:02 --> 00:06:04 Anna: So what are researchers doing about this?
00:06:05 --> 00:06:07 Avery: They're creating new maps with zones of
00:06:07 --> 00:06:09 uncertainty at the edges instead of those
00:06:09 --> 00:06:12 precise lines. We're used to seeing. This is
00:06:12 --> 00:06:14 especially important for the August 12,
00:06:14 --> 00:06:17 2026 eclipse that will affect Spain and
00:06:17 --> 00:06:19 Iceland. People planning trips definitely
00:06:19 --> 00:06:20 want to know about these potential
00:06:20 --> 00:06:21 variations.
00:06:22 --> 00:06:24 Anna: This research is also revealing some
00:06:24 --> 00:06:26 fascinating details about the lunar limb
00:06:26 --> 00:06:29 profile, the jagged edge of the Moon created
00:06:29 --> 00:06:31 by mountains and valleys. These
00:06:31 --> 00:06:33 irregularities can create what astronomers
00:06:33 --> 00:06:36 call the diamond ring effect and Baily's
00:06:36 --> 00:06:39 beads during eclipses. Some areas along the
00:06:39 --> 00:06:41 eclipse path might experience these phenomena
00:06:41 --> 00:06:44 more prominently than others, depending on
00:06:44 --> 00:06:46 which lunar mountains are silhouetted against
00:06:46 --> 00:06:47 the sun.
00:06:48 --> 00:06:50 Avery: Before we head out to Jupiter, let's take a
00:06:50 --> 00:06:52 detour to Mars, where NASA's Perseverance
00:06:52 --> 00:06:55 rover has made a potentially groundbreaking
00:06:55 --> 00:06:58 discovery. The rover has detected what
00:06:58 --> 00:07:00 scientists are calling convincing evidence of
00:07:00 --> 00:07:03 ancient microbial life preserved in a rock
00:07:03 --> 00:07:05 sample from Jezero Crater.
00:07:05 --> 00:07:08 Anna: This is huge news. If confirmed, what
00:07:08 --> 00:07:10 exactly did Perseverance find that's got
00:07:10 --> 00:07:13 scientists so excited? I, uh, know they've
00:07:13 --> 00:07:15 been looking for signs of ancient life in
00:07:15 --> 00:07:17 Jezero craters since the rover landed.
00:07:18 --> 00:07:20 Avery: The evidence comes from a rock nicknamed
00:07:20 --> 00:07:22 Chayava Falls. Perseverance found
00:07:22 --> 00:07:24 distinctive chemical signatures and
00:07:24 --> 00:07:27 microscopic structures that are consistent
00:07:27 --> 00:07:29 with ancient bacterial mats. The rock
00:07:29 --> 00:07:32 contains organic compounds, mineral deposits
00:07:32 --> 00:07:35 that typically form in the presence of water,
00:07:35 --> 00:07:38 and what appear to be fossilised biofilms.
00:07:38 --> 00:07:40 Of course, scientists are being very
00:07:40 --> 00:07:42 cautious. They need the samples to return to
00:07:42 --> 00:07:45 Earth for definitive analysis, which won't
00:07:45 --> 00:07:47 happen until the Mars sample return mission
00:07:47 --> 00:07:48 in the2030s.
00:07:49 --> 00:07:51 Anna: What makes this discovery particularly
00:07:51 --> 00:07:54 compelling is the location. Jezero
00:07:54 --> 00:07:56 Crater was chosen precisely because it
00:07:56 --> 00:07:58 contains the remains of an ancient river
00:07:58 --> 00:08:01 delta, an environment that would have been
00:08:01 --> 00:08:03 perfect for microbial life billions of years
00:08:03 --> 00:08:06 ago. If these findings are confirmed, it
00:08:06 --> 00:08:09 would be the first concrete evidence that
00:08:09 --> 00:08:11 life once existed beyond Earth,
00:08:11 --> 00:08:13 fundamentally changing our understanding of
00:08:13 --> 00:08:15 biology in the universe.
00:08:16 --> 00:08:18 Okay, our third story takes us to Jupiter,
00:08:18 --> 00:08:21 where NASA's Juno mission has finally
00:08:21 --> 00:08:24 solved a long standing mystery. After years
00:08:24 --> 00:08:26 of searching, they've detected auroral
00:08:26 --> 00:08:29 footprints from Callisto, the fourth and most
00:08:29 --> 00:08:31 distant of Jupiter's Galilean moons.
00:08:32 --> 00:08:35 Avery: Wait, so the other three moons, IO,
00:08:35 --> 00:08:37 Europa and Ganymede, they already had
00:08:37 --> 00:08:38 detected footprints?
00:08:38 --> 00:08:41 Anna: That's right. These are basically auroral
00:08:41 --> 00:08:43 signatures that show up in Jupiter's
00:08:43 --> 00:08:46 atmosphere as each moon passes through the
00:08:46 --> 00:08:48 planet's magnetosphere magnetic field. Think
00:08:48 --> 00:08:51 of them like cosmic breadcrumbs. The other
00:08:51 --> 00:08:53 three moons had been spotted before, but
00:08:53 --> 00:08:56 Callisto's remained elusive despite
00:08:56 --> 00:08:58 multiple attempts with the Hubble telescope.
00:08:59 --> 00:09:02 Avery: So what changed? How did they finally spot
00:09:02 --> 00:09:02 it?
00:09:02 --> 00:09:05 Anna: The breakthrough came in September 2019,
00:09:05 --> 00:09:08 when a massive solar stream hit Jupiter.
00:09:09 --> 00:09:11 This shifted Jupiter's main auroral
00:09:11 --> 00:09:14 oval. And in that shifted configuration,
00:09:14 --> 00:09:17 Callisto's faint signature finally became
00:09:17 --> 00:09:19 visible. It's much weaker than the others,
00:09:19 --> 00:09:22 which explains why it took so long to detect.
00:09:22 --> 00:09:25 But now we can confirm that all four
00:09:25 --> 00:09:27 Galilean moons leave their mark on
00:09:27 --> 00:09:30 Jupiter's magnificent auroral displays.
00:09:30 --> 00:09:32 Avery: This discovery also tells us something
00:09:32 --> 00:09:35 important about Callisto itself. Unlike, um,
00:09:35 --> 00:09:37 the other Galilean moons, Callisto was
00:09:37 --> 00:09:39 thought to have a relatively simple,
00:09:39 --> 00:09:42 undifferentiated interior. But the fact that
00:09:42 --> 00:09:45 it creates detectable auroral footprints
00:09:45 --> 00:09:47 suggests it has some kind of conducting
00:09:47 --> 00:09:50 layer, possibly a subsurface ocean like
00:09:50 --> 00:09:52 Europa and Ganymede, which would make it
00:09:52 --> 00:09:54 another potential target in the search for
00:09:54 --> 00:09:54 life.
00:09:55 --> 00:09:57 And finally, let's talk about what's
00:09:57 --> 00:09:59 happening much closer to home here in
00:09:59 --> 00:10:02 Florida. SpaceX is making rapid progress
00:10:02 --> 00:10:04 on their starship infrastructure at Kennedy
00:10:04 --> 00:10:06 Space Centre. And the scale of what they're
00:10:06 --> 00:10:08 building is pretty remarkable.
00:10:09 --> 00:10:12 Anna: This is at Both Launch Complex 39A
00:10:12 --> 00:10:14 and Space Launch Complex 37. Right.
00:10:15 --> 00:10:18 Avery: What exactly are they building at
00:10:18 --> 00:10:20 39A? They've assembled a large crane and are
00:10:20 --> 00:10:23 erecting a, uh, service structure with the
00:10:23 --> 00:10:25 launch mount potentially in place by the end
00:10:25 --> 00:10:27 of this year. But Space Launch Complex
00:10:27 --> 00:10:30 37 could be even more impressive. It
00:10:30 --> 00:10:33 might support dual launch towers and could
00:10:33 --> 00:10:35 handle up to 76 annual launches.
00:10:36 --> 00:10:39 Anna: That's an incredible launch cadence. When
00:10:39 --> 00:10:41 are they targeting their first Florida
00:10:41 --> 00:10:42 Starship flight?
00:10:42 --> 00:10:45 Avery: SpaceX is aiming for late 2025 from
00:10:45 --> 00:10:48 Launch Complex 39A, though many
00:10:48 --> 00:10:51 observers think 2026 is more realistic.
00:10:51 --> 00:10:53 Environmental reviews are currently
00:10:53 --> 00:10:56 evaluating up to 44 annual Starship
00:10:56 --> 00:10:58 launches from Florida, which would represent
00:10:58 --> 00:11:00 a massive increase in the state's launch
00:11:00 --> 00:11:01 capacity.
00:11:01 --> 00:11:04 Anna: The scale of this infrastructure development
00:11:04 --> 00:11:07 is really staggering. We're talking about
00:11:07 --> 00:11:09 launch towers that will dwarf even the
00:11:09 --> 00:11:11 vehicle assembly building at Kennedy Space
00:11:11 --> 00:11:14 Centre. It's each Starship super heavy
00:11:14 --> 00:11:16 booster stands nearly
00:11:16 --> 00:11:18 230ft tall. And the
00:11:18 --> 00:11:21 complete stack with starship reaches about
00:11:21 --> 00:11:24 400ft taller than the Statue of
00:11:24 --> 00:11:27 Liberty. The ground systems needed to support
00:11:27 --> 00:11:29 this massive vehicle require
00:11:29 --> 00:11:31 entirely new approaches to fueling,
00:11:32 --> 00:11:34 servicing and launch operations.
00:11:35 --> 00:11:37 Avery: From an economic perspective, this could
00:11:37 --> 00:11:40 transform Florida's Space coast. With up to
00:11:40 --> 00:11:43 76 annual launches from just one complex,
00:11:43 --> 00:11:45 we could see launch frequency frequency that
00:11:45 --> 00:11:47 rivals the entire global launch industry
00:11:47 --> 00:11:50 today. That means thousands of jobs, not
00:11:50 --> 00:11:53 just for SpaceX, but for the entire ecosystem
00:11:53 --> 00:11:56 of suppliers, contractors and service
00:11:56 --> 00:11:59 providers that support these operations. It's
00:11:59 --> 00:12:01 reminiscent of the Apollo era, but
00:12:01 --> 00:12:02 potentially even bigger.
00:12:03 --> 00:12:06 Anna: It's amazing to think that 39A, which
00:12:06 --> 00:12:08 launched Apollo missions to the moon and
00:12:08 --> 00:12:11 space shuttle flights for decades, will soon
00:12:11 --> 00:12:13 be home to the next generation of spacecraft
00:12:14 --> 00:12:16 designed to take humans back to the Moon and
00:12:16 --> 00:12:18 eventually to Mars.
00:12:18 --> 00:12:19 Avery: Absolutely.
00:12:20 --> 00:12:21 And that wraps up today's episode of
00:12:21 --> 00:12:24 astronomy daily. From SpaceX testing new ISS
00:12:24 --> 00:12:27 capabilities to discovering the limitations
00:12:27 --> 00:12:30 of eclipse maps, from completing Jupiter's
00:12:30 --> 00:12:32 Aurora Moon collection to building the launch
00:12:32 --> 00:12:34 infrastructure of the future, it's been quite
00:12:34 --> 00:12:36 a journey through the cosmos.
00:12:36 --> 00:12:38 Anna: Looking at all these stories together,
00:12:38 --> 00:12:41 there's a common thread. We're witnessing
00:12:41 --> 00:12:44 unprecedented precision and capability
00:12:44 --> 00:12:47 in space exploration. From SpaceX
00:12:47 --> 00:12:50 Fine Tuning Orbital mechanics at the ISS
00:12:50 --> 00:12:53 to JWST revealing the distant
00:12:53 --> 00:12:56 past of our universe. From potentially
00:12:56 --> 00:12:59 finding ancient life on Mars, to mapping
00:12:59 --> 00:13:01 Jupiter's complex magnetosphere, each
00:13:01 --> 00:13:03 discovery builds on the others.
00:13:04 --> 00:13:06 Avery: What's particularly exciting is how these
00:13:06 --> 00:13:09 developments are accelerating. Ten years ago,
00:13:09 --> 00:13:11 many of, uh, today's stories would have
00:13:11 --> 00:13:14 seemed like science fiction. Routine
00:13:14 --> 00:13:15 commercial operations at the iss,
00:13:16 --> 00:13:19 telescopes seen back to the cosmic dawn,
00:13:19 --> 00:13:22 potential biosign signatures on Mars. The
00:13:22 --> 00:13:24 next decade promises to be even more
00:13:24 --> 00:13:27 remarkable, with lunar bases, Mars
00:13:27 --> 00:13:29 sample returns, and interstellar missions
00:13:29 --> 00:13:32 moving from concept to reality.
00:13:32 --> 00:13:35 Anna: Thanks for joining us today. Don't forget to
00:13:35 --> 00:13:37 subscribe and share Astronomy Daily with
00:13:37 --> 00:13:40 fellow space enthusiasts. We'll be back
00:13:40 --> 00:13:42 tomorrow with more exciting discoveries from
00:13:42 --> 00:13:43 the universe around us.
00:13:44 --> 00:13:47 Avery: Until then, um, keep looking up. I'm Avery.
00:13:47 --> 00:13:50 Anna: And I'm Anna. Clear skies everyone.