- Solar Storms and Satellite Impact: In this episode, we delve into the effects of solar storms on our satellites, revealing how geomagnetic storms can accelerate orbital decay. Discover insights from researcher Yoshita Barua on how different types of solar events impact satellite performance and how we can design more resilient spacecraft to withstand these cosmic tempests.
- First Look at the Sun's Poles: Join us as we celebrate a monumental achievement from the European Space Agency's Solar Orbiter, which has provided humanity's first images of the Sun's poles. These groundbreaking visuals offer new perspectives on solar magnetic fields and the dynamics of solar plasma, shedding light on the Sun's complex behaviour.
- Unpacking Black Holes: Prepare for a mind-bending discussion on the mysteries of black holes. We explore recent theories attempting to resolve the singularity conundrum, including the controversial idea that black holes may spawn new universes. Could this be the key to understanding the enigmatic interiors of these cosmic giants?
- SpaceX's Starship Ambitions: Get the latest updates on SpaceX's Starship programme, with exciting developments in Florida as the company prepares for ambitious launch plans. We discuss the implications of the newly released draft Environmental Impact Statement and what it means for future space exploration.
- Uranus's Rusty Moons: Finally, we investigate intriguing new findings about Uranus's moons, which are accumulating dust from tiny meteorite impacts. Discover how this phenomenon challenges previous assumptions about the moons' surface characteristics and the potential role of Uranus's magnetic field.
For more cosmic updates, visit our website at astronomydaily.io. Join our community on social media by searching for #AstroDailyPod on Facebook, X, YouTube Music, TikTok, and our new Instagram account! Don’t forget to subscribe to the podcast on Apple Podcasts, Spotify, iHeartRadio, or wherever you get your podcasts.
Thank you for tuning in. This is Anna signing off. Until next time, keep looking up and stay curious about the wonders of our universe.
Chapters:
00:00 - Welcome to Astronomy Daily
01:10 - Solar storms and satellite impact
10:00 - First look at the Sun's poles
15:30 - Unpacking black holes
20:00 - SpaceX's Starship ambitions
25:00 - Uranus's dusty moons
✍️ Episode References
Solar Storms Research
[ESA](https://www.esa.int/)
Solar Orbiter Discoveries
[Solar Orbiter](https://www.esa.int/Science_Exploration/Space_Science/Solar_Orbiter)
Black Hole Theories
[Physics Today](https://www.physicstoday.org/)
SpaceX Starship Updates
[SpaceX](https://www.spacex.com/)
Uranus's Moons Research
[Hubble Space Telescope](https://hubblesite.org/)
Astronomy Daily
[Astronomy Daily](http://www.astronomydaily.io/)
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00:00:00 --> 00:00:01 Anna: Hello space enthusiasts, and welcome to
00:00:01 --> 00:00:04 Astronomy Daily. I'm your host, Anna, and I'm
00:00:04 --> 00:00:06 thrilled to guide you through the cosmos.
00:00:06 --> 00:00:08 Today we've got a stellar lineup of stories,
00:00:08 --> 00:00:11 so buckle up. Today we're diving deep into
00:00:11 --> 00:00:13 how solar storms are messing with our
00:00:13 --> 00:00:16 satellites. Then we'll be taking a first ever
00:00:16 --> 00:00:18 peek at the sun's poles. It's about time.
00:00:18 --> 00:00:21 Right after that, we'll question the very
00:00:21 --> 00:00:23 fabric of reality, or at least the stuff
00:00:23 --> 00:00:26 inside black holes. Plus, we'll check in
00:00:26 --> 00:00:29 on SpaceX's ambitious Starship plans down in
00:00:29 --> 00:00:31 Florida. It's gonna be huge,
00:00:32 --> 00:00:35 literally. And finally, we'll wrap
00:00:35 --> 00:00:37 things up with a dusty mystery surrounding
00:00:37 --> 00:00:40 Uranus's moons. Turns out they're
00:00:40 --> 00:00:43 weirder than we thought. So, yeah,
00:00:43 --> 00:00:44 let's jump in, shall we?
00:00:45 --> 00:00:47 Alright, first up, let's talk about space
00:00:47 --> 00:00:49 weather and how it's messing with our
00:00:49 --> 00:00:51 satellites. You know, those expensive bits of
00:00:51 --> 00:00:54 kit we kinda rely on. So
00:00:54 --> 00:00:56 geomagnetic storms, basically
00:00:56 --> 00:00:59 when the sun throws a tantrum, they can
00:00:59 --> 00:01:01 actually cause satellites in low Earth orbit
00:01:01 --> 00:01:04 to, well, lose altitude faster than expected.
00:01:04 --> 00:01:06 This is called orbital decay and it's not
00:01:06 --> 00:01:09 good news, folks. See, when these solar
00:01:09 --> 00:01:11 storms hit, they puff up Earth's atmosphere,
00:01:11 --> 00:01:13 which means satellites have to fight against
00:01:13 --> 00:01:16 more drag. But there's some new research out
00:01:16 --> 00:01:18 there that suggests we can actually design
00:01:18 --> 00:01:20 satellites to be less susceptible to these
00:01:20 --> 00:01:23 solar storms. Apparently, it's
00:01:23 --> 00:01:25 not just about predicting the storms better,
00:01:25 --> 00:01:27 but also about tweaking the spacecraft
00:01:27 --> 00:01:30 themselves. One of the researchers,
00:01:30 --> 00:01:33 Yoshita Barua, found that different types of
00:01:33 --> 00:01:35 solar events have different effects. You've
00:01:35 --> 00:01:38 got your coronal mass ejections, or CMEs,
00:01:38 --> 00:01:41 which are like huge explosions of plasma from
00:01:41 --> 00:01:43 the sun. And you've got these high speed
00:01:43 --> 00:01:46 streams coming from coronal holes. These
00:01:46 --> 00:01:48 create what they call stream interaction
00:01:48 --> 00:01:51 regions, or CIRs. And
00:01:51 --> 00:01:53 get this. The study found that CIR induced
00:01:53 --> 00:01:56 storms, even though they're generally weaker
00:01:56 --> 00:01:58 than CME storms, can actually be more
00:01:58 --> 00:02:00 damaging to satellite orbits because they
00:02:00 --> 00:02:02 last longer. Go figure, huh?
00:02:03 --> 00:02:05 The researchers looked at data from ESA's
00:02:05 --> 00:02:07 Swarm satellites and found that during a
00:02:07 --> 00:02:10 strong CME storm, a satellite decayed
00:02:10 --> 00:02:13 37 metres. During a more moderate CIR
00:02:13 --> 00:02:15 storm, a satellite decayed almost 100
00:02:15 --> 00:02:18 metres. They also looked at something called
00:02:18 --> 00:02:21 the ballistic coefficient, which is basically
00:02:21 --> 00:02:22 how well a satellite cuts through the
00:02:22 --> 00:02:25 atmosphere. Satellites with a lower ballistic
00:02:25 --> 00:02:27 coefficient, like the International Space
00:02:27 --> 00:02:29 Station, are more affected by these storms.
00:02:30 --> 00:02:32 So the takeaway here is that better space
00:02:32 --> 00:02:34 weather prediction is important, but so is
00:02:34 --> 00:02:36 designing satellites that can weather the
00:02:36 --> 00:02:39 storm, so to speak. Keeps those birds in the
00:02:39 --> 00:02:40 sky for longer, you know.
00:02:41 --> 00:02:43 Now for something truly awesome. Humanity's
00:02:43 --> 00:02:45 gotten its first glimpse of the Sun's poles.
00:02:46 --> 00:02:48 Yeah, you heard that right. The European
00:02:48 --> 00:02:50 Space Agency's Solar Orbiter. It's like
00:02:50 --> 00:02:53 change the game. I mean, think about it.
00:02:53 --> 00:02:55 Every single picture you've ever seen of the
00:02:55 --> 00:02:57 sun probably taken from around its equator.
00:02:58 --> 00:03:00 That's cause Earth and all the other planets,
00:03:00 --> 00:03:02 we all orbit the sun on this flat disc called
00:03:02 --> 00:03:05 the ecliptic plane. But Solar Orbiter,
00:03:05 --> 00:03:07 it's different. It tilted its orbit, giving
00:03:07 --> 00:03:09 us this unprecedented view from above and
00:03:09 --> 00:03:11 below. Talk about a stellar selfie.
00:03:12 --> 00:03:14 The images were actually captured back in
00:03:14 --> 00:03:16 March, but they're just blowing minds now,
00:03:16 --> 00:03:19 showing the Sun's south pole in all its
00:03:19 --> 00:03:21 glory. The spacecraft used a bunch of fancy
00:03:21 --> 00:03:23 instruments. The Polarimetric and
00:03:23 --> 00:03:26 Helioseismic imager or phi. The
00:03:26 --> 00:03:29 Extreme Ultraviolet Imager, which is eui. And
00:03:29 --> 00:03:31 the spectral imaging of the coronal
00:03:31 --> 00:03:34 environment Spice. Each one sees the sun in
00:03:34 --> 00:03:36 a totally different way. The phi maps the
00:03:36 --> 00:03:39 magnetic field. The EUI studies the
00:03:39 --> 00:03:41 superheated plasma in the corona, which is
00:03:41 --> 00:03:44 way hotter than the sun's surface. I mean,
00:03:44 --> 00:03:47 how does that even work? And Spice? Well, it
00:03:47 --> 00:03:49 can capture light emitted by plasmas at
00:03:49 --> 00:03:51 different temperatures, helping us model the
00:03:51 --> 00:03:53 Sun's atmosphere. One of the coolest
00:03:53 --> 00:03:56 discoveries so far. The M magnetic fields
00:03:56 --> 00:03:58 around the sun's south pole, they're a
00:03:58 --> 00:04:01 complete mess. Like instead of nice
00:04:01 --> 00:04:03 orderly north and south poles, you've got
00:04:03 --> 00:04:05 both polarities all mixed up. Apparently this
00:04:05 --> 00:04:07 happens when the sun's poles are about to
00:04:07 --> 00:04:09 flip, which is part of its 11 year cycle.
00:04:10 --> 00:04:13 But get this, the solar Orbiter also helps
00:04:13 --> 00:04:14 scientists track different elements as they
00:04:14 --> 00:04:17 move through the sun, measuring the speed of
00:04:17 --> 00:04:19 carbon atoms being ejected from the sun and
00:04:19 --> 00:04:21 seeing the flows in three dimensions.
00:04:22 --> 00:04:24 The mission's still ongoing, so there's a lot
00:04:24 --> 00:04:27 more to come. But this is a huge step in
00:04:27 --> 00:04:29 understanding how our sun works and how it
00:04:29 --> 00:04:30 affects, well, everything.
00:04:32 --> 00:04:33 Alright, let's dive into something that's
00:04:33 --> 00:04:36 gonna make your head spin a little. Black
00:04:36 --> 00:04:39 holes. Specifically what's inside them.
00:04:39 --> 00:04:41 So remember how we've talked about
00:04:41 --> 00:04:43 singularities before? That point at the
00:04:43 --> 00:04:45 centre of a black hole where everything gets
00:04:45 --> 00:04:48 crushed into infinite density? Yeah,
00:04:48 --> 00:04:51 well physicists, they're still not super
00:04:51 --> 00:04:53 happy with that idea because it kind of
00:04:53 --> 00:04:55 breaks the known laws of physics, which, you
00:04:55 --> 00:04:57 know, isn't ideal. There was this research
00:04:57 --> 00:04:59 earlier this year that proposed a solution.
00:05:00 --> 00:05:02 It suggested modifying Einstein's equation so
00:05:02 --> 00:05:05 that gravity acts differently in super curved
00:05:05 --> 00:05:07 spacetime. This would supposedly replace the
00:05:07 --> 00:05:10 singularity with a highly warped but static
00:05:10 --> 00:05:12 region sounds promising, right? Well, not
00:05:12 --> 00:05:15 everyone's convinced. One physicist,
00:05:15 --> 00:05:17 Nikodem Poplawski, he's got a few major
00:05:17 --> 00:05:20 issues with this theory. First off, it needs
00:05:20 --> 00:05:22 five dimensions to work, and as far as we
00:05:22 --> 00:05:24 know, we're stuck with four. Secondly, the
00:05:24 --> 00:05:26 interior of the black hole would have to be
00:05:26 --> 00:05:28 static, and Poplarski says that gravity
00:05:28 --> 00:05:30 equations predict that it can't be. And
00:05:30 --> 00:05:32 thirdly, the model adds an infinite number of
00:05:32 --> 00:05:35 terms to the equations just to get rid of the
00:05:35 --> 00:05:37 singularity. He argues there's no real solid
00:05:37 --> 00:05:40 physical reason for that. It's just like math
00:05:40 --> 00:05:43 for math's sake, he says. Now, most
00:05:43 --> 00:05:45 other attempts to solve this singularity
00:05:45 --> 00:05:48 problem, they try to merge general relativity
00:05:48 --> 00:05:50 with quantum physics, which is another can of
00:05:50 --> 00:05:53 worms entirely. String theory is one of
00:05:53 --> 00:05:55 those attempts, but it's got its own
00:05:55 --> 00:05:57 problems, like needing even more dimensions
00:05:57 --> 00:05:59 and the fact that there's no experimental
00:05:59 --> 00:06:02 evidence for it. Poplarsky thinks the
00:06:02 --> 00:06:04 only way we'll ever truly understand what's
00:06:04 --> 00:06:06 at the heart of a black hole is if, get this,
00:06:07 --> 00:06:09 every black hole creates a new universe.
00:06:09 --> 00:06:11 Yeah, he's been working on that hypothesis
00:06:11 --> 00:06:14 since 2010. The idea is if our
00:06:14 --> 00:06:17 universe was born in a black hole, we might
00:06:17 --> 00:06:19 be able to find evidence of it in the cosmic
00:06:19 --> 00:06:21 microwave background radiation, or maybe even
00:06:21 --> 00:06:24 in gravitational waves. It's a long
00:06:24 --> 00:06:26 shot, but hey, it took a hundred years to
00:06:26 --> 00:06:28 detect gravitational waves after Einstein
00:06:28 --> 00:06:31 predicted them. So who knows, maybe in a
00:06:31 --> 00:06:33 few decades we'll finally crack the black
00:06:33 --> 00:06:34 hole code.
00:06:35 --> 00:06:37 Okay, switching gears completely, let's talk
00:06:37 --> 00:06:40 about starship. You know, SpaceX's giant
00:06:40 --> 00:06:42 rocket that's supposed to take us to Mars and
00:06:42 --> 00:06:44 stuff? Well, they're making some serious
00:06:44 --> 00:06:47 Progress in Florida. SpaceX wants to launch
00:06:47 --> 00:06:49 starship from the Space coast, and they've
00:06:49 --> 00:06:51 been working on getting all the paperwork
00:06:51 --> 00:06:53 sorted out. Specifically, the Department of
00:06:53 --> 00:06:55 the Air Force just released a draught
00:06:55 --> 00:06:58 Environmental impact statement, or
00:06:58 --> 00:07:01 EIS, for Starship launches from Space
00:07:01 --> 00:07:03 Launch Complex 37. That's
00:07:03 --> 00:07:06 SLC 37. This document outlines
00:07:06 --> 00:07:08 SpaceX's plans for the site. Now,
00:07:08 --> 00:07:10 SpaceX has wanted a starship presence in
00:07:10 --> 00:07:13 Florida for a while. They even had plans to
00:07:13 --> 00:07:15 build starship vehicles there, but they ended
00:07:15 --> 00:07:18 up focusing on Starbase in Texas. They are
00:07:18 --> 00:07:20 still building the heat shield tile factory
00:07:20 --> 00:07:23 though. That's still going on. They
00:07:23 --> 00:07:25 also started building a starship launch tower
00:07:25 --> 00:07:27 AT Launch Complex 39A at Kennedy Space
00:07:27 --> 00:07:30 Centre. But that kind of stopped for a bit
00:07:30 --> 00:07:32 too. But earlier this year, work
00:07:32 --> 00:07:35 resumed to apply all the lessons learned from
00:07:35 --> 00:07:38 the first starship launch. So while all
00:07:38 --> 00:07:40 that's going on. SpaceX has also been working
00:07:40 --> 00:07:42 on a Starship launch site at Space Launch
00:07:42 --> 00:07:45 Complex 37 at Cape Canaveral Space
00:07:45 --> 00:07:47 Force Station. The Air Force says that the
00:07:47 --> 00:07:50 proposed actions for SLC 37
00:07:50 --> 00:07:52 won't negatively impact the environment or
00:07:52 --> 00:07:55 the public, which is good news. There's going
00:07:55 --> 00:07:57 to be a public comment period so folks can
00:07:57 --> 00:07:59 share their thoughts on the Draught eis.
00:08:00 --> 00:08:02 After that, the comments will be evaluated
00:08:02 --> 00:08:04 and a final EIS is expected in the fall of
00:08:04 --> 00:08:07 2025. SpaceX doesn't have
00:08:07 --> 00:08:09 to wait though. They already have limited
00:08:09 --> 00:08:11 access to the site and have been working on
00:08:11 --> 00:08:13 demolishing some old structures to make way
00:08:13 --> 00:08:16 for new construction. So why SLC
00:08:16 --> 00:08:19 37? Well, the draught EIS
00:08:19 --> 00:08:20 says it's to support national security
00:08:20 --> 00:08:23 launches with Starship. SpaceX already has
00:08:23 --> 00:08:25 two Starship launch pads at Starbase, but
00:08:25 --> 00:08:28 they're not on a military base. And Starbase
00:08:28 --> 00:08:30 is not really suited for the requested 76
00:08:30 --> 00:08:33 launches per year. 76, that's a
00:08:33 --> 00:08:36 whole lot of launches. Plus, the Air force
00:08:36 --> 00:08:39 already awarded SpaceX a contract to study
00:08:39 --> 00:08:41 using Starship for point to point cargo
00:08:41 --> 00:08:43 transportation. The site would eventually
00:08:43 --> 00:08:46 have two Starship launch pads, each with a
00:08:46 --> 00:08:48 launch mount, a launch integration tower and
00:08:48 --> 00:08:51 a flame trench. And get this, the launch
00:08:51 --> 00:08:53 integration towers are going to be taller
00:08:53 --> 00:08:55 than the ones at starbase. Like almost 200ft
00:08:55 --> 00:08:57 taller. Wow. They're also planning on
00:08:57 --> 00:09:00 building up to two potential catch towers to
00:09:00 --> 00:09:02 support the high launch cadence. Of course,
00:09:02 --> 00:09:04 launching that many rockets requires a lot of
00:09:04 --> 00:09:07 propellant, so SpaceX is planning to
00:09:07 --> 00:09:10 build a natural gas pretreatment system,
00:09:10 --> 00:09:12 a methane liquefier and an air separation
00:09:12 --> 00:09:14 unit. It's basically a whole industrial
00:09:14 --> 00:09:17 complex just to fuel these rockets. Now the
00:09:17 --> 00:09:20 plans outlined in the draught EIS cover some
00:09:20 --> 00:09:23 pretty ambitious Starship variants, even some
00:09:23 --> 00:09:25 that haven't been announced yet. The numbers
00:09:25 --> 00:09:28 for thrust, rocket height and propellant
00:09:28 --> 00:09:30 capacity are all way beyond what Elon Musk
00:09:30 --> 00:09:32 has been talking about. This is likely
00:09:32 --> 00:09:34 because SpaceX wants to future proof the
00:09:34 --> 00:09:36 study and make sure it covers all future
00:09:36 --> 00:09:39 versions of Starship. Under the current
00:09:39 --> 00:09:42 plan, launches from SLC 37 could begin
00:09:42 --> 00:09:44 in 2026 and SpaceX would need an
00:09:44 --> 00:09:47 additional 450 employees or contractors to
00:09:47 --> 00:09:50 support the operations. Initially,
00:09:50 --> 00:09:52 Starship stages would be built at Starbase
00:09:53 --> 00:09:55 and then transported to Florida on barges.
00:09:56 --> 00:09:58 But eventually SpaceX plans to build its
00:09:58 --> 00:10:01 own Starship manufacturing facilities in
00:10:01 --> 00:10:03 Florida. With all of these launches, it will
00:10:03 --> 00:10:05 bring the total Starship related activities
00:10:05 --> 00:10:08 in Florida to over 600 per year. A, ah, busy
00:10:08 --> 00:10:09 year ahead for the Space Coast.
00:10:10 --> 00:10:13 Okay, so shifting Our gaze now to the ice
00:10:13 --> 00:10:16 giant Uranus. You know, the one that's tilted
00:10:16 --> 00:10:18 on its side. New data from the Hubble Space
00:10:18 --> 00:10:20 Telescope is showing us some pretty
00:10:20 --> 00:10:23 interesting stuff about its moons. Turns out
00:10:23 --> 00:10:24 those moons are gathering dust, literally,
00:10:25 --> 00:10:27 literally. Now, uranus has like, 28
00:10:27 --> 00:10:29 known moons, and scientists have always
00:10:29 --> 00:10:32 thought that Uranus's weird magnetic field
00:10:32 --> 00:10:34 would leave visible marks on them. But these
00:10:34 --> 00:10:37 new Hubble observations of Uranus's four
00:10:37 --> 00:10:40 largest moons, Ariel, Umbriel, Titania,
00:10:40 --> 00:10:43 and Oberon, show no clear signs of radiation
00:10:43 --> 00:10:45 damage. What's really interesting is that the
00:10:45 --> 00:10:48 two outer moons, Titania and Oberon,
00:10:48 --> 00:10:50 are actually darker on their leading sides.
00:10:51 --> 00:10:54 So the opposite of what scientists thought.
00:10:54 --> 00:10:56 The theory is that the darkening isn't from
00:10:56 --> 00:10:58 Uranus's magnetic field at all, but from
00:10:58 --> 00:11:01 dust. Hubble's data points to a slow
00:11:01 --> 00:11:04 inward drift of dust from Uranus's distant,
00:11:04 --> 00:11:06 irregular moons. These outer moons are
00:11:06 --> 00:11:09 constantly getting hit by tiny meteorites,
00:11:09 --> 00:11:11 which kicks up dust particles that then
00:11:11 --> 00:11:14 gradually spiral inward over millions of
00:11:14 --> 00:11:16 years. As Titania and Oberon
00:11:16 --> 00:11:19 travel through this dust cloud, they're
00:11:19 --> 00:11:21 accumulating the particles mostly on their
00:11:21 --> 00:11:24 leading sides. It's kind of like,
00:11:24 --> 00:11:26 you know, driving really fast on a highway
00:11:26 --> 00:11:28 and like, all the bugs are hitting your
00:11:28 --> 00:11:31 windshield. Yeah, that's kind of what's going
00:11:31 --> 00:11:34 on with these moons. The inner moons, Ariel
00:11:34 --> 00:11:36 and Umbriel, don't show any significant
00:11:36 --> 00:11:38 difference in brightness between their
00:11:38 --> 00:11:40 leading and trailing sides, probably because
00:11:40 --> 00:11:43 Titania and Oberon are shielding them from
00:11:43 --> 00:11:45 the drifting dust. Now, as for
00:11:45 --> 00:11:48 Uranus's magnetic field, researchers think
00:11:48 --> 00:11:50 that its effects might be more subtle or
00:11:50 --> 00:11:53 complex than they originally thought, that it
00:11:53 --> 00:11:55 may still be interacting with the moons, but
00:11:55 --> 00:11:57 not in a way that creates strong contrasts on
00:11:57 --> 00:12:00 their surfaces. To learn more,
00:12:00 --> 00:12:03 the team has scheduled follow up observations
00:12:03 --> 00:12:05 with the James Webb Space Telescope. You
00:12:05 --> 00:12:08 know, within the next year, using infrared
00:12:08 --> 00:12:10 imaging, Webb will be taking a closer look at
00:12:10 --> 00:12:12 the same moons, potentially confirming
00:12:12 --> 00:12:15 whether it's dust, radiation, or, heck, a
00:12:15 --> 00:12:17 combination of both that's shaping their
00:12:17 --> 00:12:19 surfaces. I can't wait to find out more, can
00:12:19 --> 00:12:19 you?
00:12:21 --> 00:12:23 Well, that's all the space news we have for
00:12:23 --> 00:12:26 you today. I've been your host, Anna. I hope
00:12:26 --> 00:12:28 you'll join me again tomorrow for more
00:12:28 --> 00:12:30 Astronomy Daily. Don't forget to visit our
00:12:30 --> 00:12:33 website@astronomydaily.IO where you can
00:12:33 --> 00:12:35 catch up on all the latest space and
00:12:35 --> 00:12:37 astronomy news with our constantly updating
00:12:37 --> 00:12:39 newsfeed and listen to all our back episodes.
00:12:39 --> 00:12:41 You can also subscribe to the podcast on
00:12:41 --> 00:12:43 Apple podcasts, Spotify and YouTube or
00:12:43 --> 00:12:45 wherever you get your podcasts. Thanks for
00:12:45 --> 00:12:48 tuning in. And keep looking up. You never
00:12:48 --> 00:12:49 know what you might see. Bye,