S03E08: Lunar Landings and Satellite Swan Songs: The Moon's New Odyssey with Steve & Hallie

[00:00:00] Welcome again to Astronomy Daily, I'm Steve Dunkley your host. It is the 26th of February 2024

[00:00:06] Oh it's great to be back with you again it's been an exciting week.

[00:00:19] NASA has been busy everyone's been busy there's a new hardware on the moon

[00:00:23] it's fantastic week lots to report on and joining me here to tell you all

[00:00:27] about it is the fabulous digital reporter here's Hallie. Hi, Steve it has been a big

[00:00:32] week and great news that they finally made a successful soft landing on the moon.

[00:00:36] Yes that's right a dizziest transmitting from the South Pole region

[00:00:40] a nail biting finish to the landing but a successful landing after a few

[00:00:44] 10 minutes and we'll take a look at that later on. And aren't you glad they

[00:00:49] aren't dropping their satellites in Western Australia Steve? ERS2 finally came

[00:00:54] down on the weekend. Yes I'm glad they're not dropping things on Australia

[00:00:58] anymore. Yes I remember Skylab came down years ago and it was much bigger than

[00:01:04] ERS2. ERS2 was as big as a bus. Skylab was much bigger than a bus but

[00:01:10] I believe there were people finding bits of Skylab for years and years

[00:01:16] afterwards you could go out into the desert and do prospecting if you

[00:01:21] knew where to look and you could find bits of Skylab. I think the chances of finding it now are pretty slim

[00:01:27] but finding pieces of it now would be harder than finding gold out there in the desert.

[00:01:31] Well that's very true it's probably easier to find precious metals and opals

[00:01:37] and things out in the desert rather than space debris. I haven't heard of any

[00:01:41] finds lately. Yes maybe the Skylab or space debris rush is over in Western

[00:01:47] Australia you never know something might turn up. And Blue Origin's new Glen rocket has finally made an

[00:01:52] appearance on the launch pad at Florida for ground testing. I was wondering when Blue Origin was

[00:01:57] going to make a showing it's been a while. I think William Shatner played with the controls

[00:02:02] a bit too much while he was up there and they've taken this long to sort it all out. Really? Really.

[00:02:08] I mean really? No not really. Okay then silly girl. Hallie will you boldly go and read

[00:02:15] the first few stories then. Okay away we go. As SpaceX nears its first Starship launch of 2024

[00:02:27] possibly as soon as within three weeks from its star base facility in South Texas

[00:02:32] the company is pressing regulators to increase its cadence of flights. During a press availability

[00:02:38] this week the administrator for commercial space transportation at the Federal Aviation

[00:02:42] Administration Kelvin Coleman said the agency is working with the company to try to facilitate

[00:02:47] the Starship launch licensing process. He said they're looking at a pretty aggressive launch

[00:02:53] schedule this year and added that it would be at least nine launches this year which is a lot of

[00:02:57] launches. Coleman observed that it would be a lot of work to do modifications one by one and

[00:03:03] that they have been talking to SpaceX around the clock to figure out how to do this. After

[00:03:08] SpaceX decided to launch an attempt to land its Starship vehicle in Texas about five years ago

[00:03:13] the company had to undergo an enhanced environmental review of the site. As a part of this process

[00:03:19] the FAA completed a final programmatic environmental assessment in June 2022. Following that review

[00:03:27] SpaceX received approval to conduct up to five Starship launches from South Texas annually

[00:03:33] and FAA official confirmed that the company is seeking a modification of this five launch

[00:03:38] limit to accommodate a higher flight rate. SpaceX launched its first Starship vehicle

[00:03:43] which is the largest rocket ever built and is intended to eventually be fully reusable

[00:03:47] in April 2023. That flight caused serious damage to the launch site near Boca Chica beach

[00:03:54] and raised environmental concerns after it kicked up large chunks of concrete and dust

[00:03:58] into the surrounding wetlands. Coleman said the anomaly investigation and regulatory review

[00:04:04] process after that flight took about six months which he believes is commensurate with the

[00:04:09] work involved. The company's second launch attempt in November was more successful as the first stage

[00:04:15] booster, super heavy, had a mostly nominal flight and the Starship upper stage managed to separate

[00:04:20] from the booster before it experienced an anomaly and was lost. There was no damage on

[00:04:26] the ground this time. The work entailed by the FAA for this anomaly review was about one

[00:04:32] third as much Coleman said. SpaceX founder Elon Musk has said his company is now targeting

[00:04:38] early to mid-March for the third launch attempt of Starship. This flight of the highly experimental

[00:04:44] vehicle Musk said has a reasonably good chance of successfully reaching orbit. Coleman said that

[00:04:50] from a regulatory standpoint, that timeline sounds about right. Anyone who has tracked the

[00:04:57] development of Blue Origin's New Glenn rocket has been waiting for signs of progress from the

[00:05:01] usually secretive space company. On Wednesday, engineers rolled a full-scale New Glenn rocket

[00:05:08] partially made up of flight hardware to a launch pad in Florida for ground testing.

[00:05:13] The first New Glenn launch is almost certainly at least six months away and it may not even happen

[00:05:18] this year. In the last few years, observers inside and outside the space industry have

[00:05:23] become accustomed to the nearly annual ritual of another New Glenn launch delay.

[00:05:28] New Glenn's inaugural flight has been delayed from 2020 until 2021, then 2022,

[00:05:34] and for now, is slated for later this year. But it feels different now.

[00:05:40] Blue Origin is obviously moving closer to finally launching a rocket into orbit.

[00:05:46] Jeff Bezos, Blue Origin's founder, was at Cape Canaveral to see his giant new

[00:05:50] rocket on the launch pad for the first time. Just incredible to see New Glenn on the pad

[00:05:56] at LC-36, Bezos wrote on Instagram.

[00:06:00] Big year ahead. Let's go!

[00:06:03] Starting late last year, Blue Origin officials doubled down on the company's plans to launch

[00:06:08] the first New Glenn test flight by the end of 2024. This messaging coincided with the arrival

[00:06:14] of Dave Limp as Blue Origin's chief executive, replacing Bob Smith, whose seven-year tenure

[00:06:20] included the first human suborbital flights on the company's New Shepard rocket.

[00:06:25] Smith's time as CEO was also marked by repeated delays on the New Glenn rocket.

[00:06:31] Limp is pushing Blue Origin to move faster, and it seems the company's employees got the memo.

[00:06:37] In December, the company rolled elements of the New Glenn rocket from its factory just

[00:06:41] outside the gates of NASA's Kennedy Space Center to a final assembly hangar located about

[00:06:46] nine miles away at Cape Canaveral Space Force Station. Inside that building, technicians

[00:06:52] connected the first stage booster, which is flight hardware, with an upper-stage Blue Origin

[00:06:57] has set aside for ground testing. The final piece of the rocket to be added was a seven-meter payload

[00:07:03] fairing, the uppermost section of New Glenn designed to protect spacecraft during the initial

[00:07:08] phase of launch. Last week, Blue Origin lifted a structure simulating the rocket's empty mass

[00:07:14] vertical using the transporter erector arm at Launch Complex 36, a former Atlas launch

[00:07:20] pad Blue Origin took over in 2015. This was a final validation of the lifting arm at LC-36

[00:07:27] before Blue Origin put a real, or mostly real, rocket on the pad. On Wednesday,

[00:07:33] ground crews rolled a fully assembled New Glenn rocket out of the hangar at LC-36 and up the

[00:07:38] ramp to the launch mount. Then, the hydraulic lifting arm raised the two-stage launcher vertically.

[00:07:45] At more than 98 meters tall, New Glenn is one of the largest rockets ever seen on Florida's

[00:07:50] Space Coast, roughly the same height as NASA's Space Launch System rocket and nearly as tall

[00:07:55] as the Saturn V used in the Apollo program. The appending is one in a series of major

[00:08:01] manufacturing and integrated test milestones in preparation for New Glenn's first launch

[00:08:06] later this year, Blue Origin officials wrote in an update on Wednesday.

[00:08:10] The test campaign enables our teams to practice, validate, and increase proficiency in vehicle

[00:08:16] integration, transport, ground support, and launch operations. New Glenn can haul nearly 45

[00:08:23] metric tons of payload into low Earth orbit. For low-altitude orbits, this is a weight

[00:08:28] class above the uppermost capability of United Launch Alliance's Vulcan rocket or SpaceX's

[00:08:33] Falcon 9 rocket but below SpaceX's Falcon Heavy. Blue Origin also plans to use the New Glenn rocket

[00:08:40] to launch lunar landers to the moon for NASA's Artemis program. New Glenn's first-stage booster

[00:08:46] is reusable and is designed to land on an offshore barge in the Atlantic Ocean,

[00:08:50] which will bring it back to the coast, similar to the way SpaceX recovers its Falcon 9 booster.

[00:08:57] The faring is large enough to hold three school buses, Blue Origin said.

[00:09:02] It's reusable first-stage aims for a minimum of 25 missions and will land on a sea-based

[00:09:06] platform located roughly 1,000 kilometers downrange. Blue Origin is now 24 years old

[00:09:13] and employs around 11,000 people at locations around the country, with major locations in

[00:09:18] Washington, Texas, Florida, and Alabama. While the company has not yet launched

[00:09:24] anything into orbit, Blue Origin is working on a wide range of projects aside from

[00:09:29] rockets, including cargo and human-rated lunar landers for NASA and a space tug that could move

[00:09:34] payloads into different orbits for the US military. New Glenn is crucial for all of these plans.

[00:09:41] Blue Origin's latest progress with New Glenn comes as Bezosas Space Company appears to be on

[00:09:46] the verge of buying United Launch Alliance from Boeing and Lockheed Martin. If all goes according

[00:09:52] to plan, Blue Origin should complete the integrated tanking test within a few weeks.

[00:09:57] The rocket will then roll off the launch pad to allow technicians to install the

[00:10:01] booster's engine compartment with the 7B-4s. New Glenn will also need a new upper stage

[00:10:07] before returning to LC-36 for a hot-fire test of the 7B-4 engines,

[00:10:12] a milestone aviation week said is scheduled for this summer.

[00:10:16] Blue Origin initially plans to operate with a rotation of four reusable New Glenn boosters,

[00:10:21] each flying as often as every 30 days, according to Aviation Week.

[00:10:26] The company has not announced a firm schedule for the debut of New Glenn

[00:10:30] other than sometime later this year. The first New Glenn test flight will likely carry a pair of

[00:10:36] small NASA satellites bound for Mars, an agency official said in November.

[00:10:41] This NASA mission, called Escapade, is on contract with Blue Origin for a launch date

[00:10:46] in August 2024. However, this schedule is under review.

[00:10:52] New Glenn's massive lift capability is overkill for the two Escapade spacecraft,

[00:10:56] each about the size of a mini-fridge, so engineers are studying the possibility of

[00:11:01] using New Glenn to send the missions directly to Mars rather than launching them into an initial

[00:11:05] orbit around Earth. Changing the trajectory for Escapade would allow for a launch date later

[00:11:11] this year. The mission must launch in 2024, with Earth and Mars in the right positions

[00:11:17] in the solar system, or else wait until 2026. It is worth noting that launchers comparable to

[00:11:23] New Glenn, such as SpaceX's Falcon 9 and Starship, ULA's Falcon, and Japan's H3,

[00:11:29] took between one and two years to get to a first flight after their first full-scale test vehicles

[00:11:34] reached the launch pad for fit checks and fueling rehearsals. This final phase of a

[00:11:39] rocket's development can often uncover problems that went undetected during

[00:11:43] manufacturing and component testing. However, Jared Jones, Blue Origin's Vice President of New Glenn,

[00:11:50] told Aviation Week he is confident in flying the rocket this year.

[00:11:54] We're launching this year. It's happening, Jones said. Our plan is to launch twice this year.

[00:12:01] And now it's back to you, Steve.

[00:12:05] Thank you very much, Hallie, for those great stories from the Astronomy Daily newsletter,

[00:12:09] which you can get each day in your email by visiting these places.

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[00:12:27] all around the galactic neighborhood. And while you're there, check out the back editions of

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[00:12:51] Astronomy Daily with Steve and Hallie. Space, space science and astronomy.

[00:13:03] And as we were talking earlier on in this episode, you will know that over the weekend a

[00:13:09] dead satellite plummeted back to Earth, bringing an end to get this a nearly 30 year life in space.

[00:13:17] The European Space Agency's remote sensing, remote sensing two that is ERS2 satellite re-enter

[00:13:25] Earth's atmosphere at 1215 Eastern Standard Time over the Pacific Ocean. The fall ended

[00:13:32] nearly 13 years de-orbitin campaign that began with 66 engine bursts in July 2011 depleting

[00:13:40] the spacecraft of remaining fuel. And at the time of reporting it was unclear if any debris

[00:13:45] made its way down to the surface after ERS2 re-entered the atmosphere, but none of the

[00:13:51] fragments contain any toxic or radioactive substances our ESA assured the public in a

[00:13:58] FAQ published prior to re-entry. Now just in case you don't know ERS2 was roughly the size of a school

[00:14:04] bus and weighed about 2,516 kilograms when full of fuel at liftoff all those years ago.

[00:14:13] And when it fell to its fiery demise yesterday fully depleted it weighed in around 5,057

[00:14:19] pounds that's 2,294 kilograms while fairly large the satellite's mass isn't an

[00:14:26] outlier when it comes to re-entered space junk an objective similar size falls to Earth

[00:14:33] into Earth's atmosphere every few weeks when it launched ERS2 was quote the most sophisticated

[00:14:40] Earth observation spacecraft ever developed and launched by Europe. ESA wrote in its FAQ

[00:14:47] about the re-entry the satellite was designed to collect data about Earth's landmasses

[00:14:53] ice caps and oceans and even helped monitor the aftermath of natural disasters things like a Taylor

[00:14:59] Swift concert being rained out I would imagine. The ERS satellites have provided a stream of data

[00:15:05] which has changed our view of the world in which we live ESA's director of Earth observation programs

[00:15:11] Semineta Chelly said in a statement they have provided us with new insights on our planet

[00:15:17] the chemistry of our atmosphere the behavior of our oceans and the effects of mankind's

[00:15:21] activity on our planet of course creating new opportunities for scientific research and applications

[00:15:28] ERS2 fell to Earth in what is known as a natural re-entry you and I would probably call it a plummet

[00:15:35] meaning mission controllers had no way to maneuver otherwise control the satellite

[00:15:41] during its descent towards the atmosphere its batteries were discharged prior to re-entry

[00:15:46] and all electronic systems were deactivated long before it began its fire descent

[00:15:52] ESA representatives said these types of re-entries are perfectly safe even if some debris occasionally

[00:15:58] reaches the actual ground in the 67 years of spaceflight thousands of tons of artificial

[00:16:06] space objects have re-entered the atmosphere pieces that make it to the surface have only

[00:16:11] rarely caused any damage and there has never been a confirmed report of a human injury said ESA

[00:16:18] in a statement now I can remember Skylab coming down in Western Australia and it caused no damage

[00:16:24] at all as far as I can tell or as far as I can remember while any natural re-entry such as this

[00:16:31] has a chance of dropping debris into Earth's surface the chances that any remaining debris could

[00:16:37] harm people or property on the ground are incredibly low ESA's FAQ about the re-entry notes that one's

[00:16:44] chances of being struck by lightning are 65,000 times higher than one's risk of being struck by

[00:16:50] space debris in a lifetime and to put that another way the odds that any one person is hit with

[00:16:55] falling space debris each year is one in 100 billion they say are we feeling comfortable

[00:17:02] well the big story this week is Odysseus a robot lander built by Houston based company intuitive

[00:17:09] machines touchdown near the lunar south pole of the moon it was a landmark moment for space

[00:17:19] exploration no private spacecraft had ever soft landed on the moon before and an american vehicle

[00:17:26] hadn't hit the great dirt softly since nasa's crude Apollo 17 landed did so in december 1972

[00:17:35] and what a happy administrator of nasa bill nelson was when he exclaimed on the air I watched this

[00:17:42] what a triumph Odysseus has taken the moon uh he said in a video message the agency aired just

[00:17:50] after the confirmation of a successful touchdown this is a feat though this feat is a giant leap

[00:17:56] forward for all humanity stay tuned was a nice message the moon was a frequent target for american

[00:18:03] spacecraft during the 1960s and early 1970s this push didn't come from mere scientific curiosity

[00:18:10] landing astronauts on earth's nearest neighbor was viewed as a national security imperative

[00:18:17] way to demonstrate technological superiority over the nation's cold war rival the soviet union

[00:18:23] the u.s famously put 12 astronauts on the lunar surface over the course of six

[00:18:27] Apollo missions from 1969 to 1972 with the moon race thus definitively won nasa was directed

[00:18:35] to focus on other goals for its human space spaceflight program chiefly the development

[00:18:41] and operation of the space shuttle program the u.s launched a number of robotic moon probes after

[00:18:47] the Apollo era nasa's sharp-eyed lunar reconnaissance orbiter has been circling the moon since 2009

[00:18:55] for example but for some frustrating fits and starts northwithstanding getting back to the

[00:19:00] surface was not a priority until recently in december 2017 the then president donald trump

[00:19:07] ordered nasa to return astronauts to the moon in relatively near future this directive gave rise

[00:19:13] to a broad and ambitious program called artemis which aims to establish a long-term sustainable

[00:19:19] human presence on and around the moon by the end of the 2020s and to use the knowledge gained

[00:19:25] in doing so to help astronauts get to mars by the late 2030s or early 2040s nasa's plan

[00:19:32] plans to set up one or more artemis bases in the moon's southern polar region which is thought to

[00:19:38] harbour lots of water ice before sending astronauts there however the agency wants to collect more

[00:19:44] data about this little explored area to help determine for example just how much water it

[00:19:49] contains and how easy this crucial resource might be to access so nasa has established another

[00:19:57] program called clps which we talked about last week the commercial lunar payloads payload surfaces

[00:20:04] which books rides for agency science instruments on robotic robotic lunar landers built by american

[00:20:10] companies the goal here is for us to investigate the moon in preparation for artemis and really to

[00:20:16] do business differently for nasa su-ledera cps project scientist at johnson space center in

[00:20:24] houston said during a press conference on february 12th one of our main goals is to make sure that we

[00:20:30] develop a lunar economy and that's where intuitive machines comes in in 2019 clps selected intuitive

[00:20:37] machines to deliver a batch of nasa science instruments to the lunar surface using the

[00:20:43] company's novice sea lander which is about the size of a british telephone booth after some

[00:20:49] modifications the task order turned out to be worth 118 million dollars nasa officials said

[00:20:56] recently it covered the transport of six agency experiments and technology demonstrations on

[00:21:02] intuitive machines first lunar mission which the company calls i am one that mission features

[00:21:08] a novice sea vehicle named odysseus after the famous voyaging hero in greek mythology

[00:21:14] the nasa instruments which cost the agency an additional 11 million to develop

[00:21:18] are designed to conduct a variety of investigations for instance one of them called ndl navigation

[00:21:25] doppler lidar for precise velocity and range sensing used lidar bite detection and ranging

[00:21:32] technology to collect data during descent and landing ndl turned out to be vital to today's

[00:21:39] touchdown as you'll see in a second another instrument was designed to study how the spacecraft's

[00:21:45] engine exhaust interacts with lunar dirt and rock yet another will demonstrate the autonomous

[00:21:50] positioning tech which could eventually become part of a broad gps like navigation system on and

[00:21:56] around the moon intuitive machines also put six commercial payloads on odysseus for i am one

[00:22:02] one of them comes from columbia sportswear which wanted to test its omni heat infinity

[00:22:08] insulative material in deep space another is a set of sculptures by the artist jeff coons and

[00:22:15] there's even a secure lunar repository that aims to help preserve humanity's storehouse of accumulated

[00:22:21] knowledge also flying on odysseus was eagle cam a camera built system built by students at

[00:22:28] embri riddle aeronautical university a eagle cam was designed to deploy from odysseus at about

[00:22:34] 100 feet or 30 meters above the lunar surface and snapped photos of the lander's epic touchdown from

[00:22:40] below all 12 of the included payloads lifted off on febru 15 when a space x falcon 9 rocket sent

[00:22:48] odysseus towards the moon the lander's deep space trek was short and relatively smooth

[00:22:54] although things got a bit sporty towards the end odysseus arrived arrived in lunar orbit

[00:23:00] on febru 21 as planned and in the home stretch of its touchdown however the lander's handlers

[00:23:06] discovered that odysseus's laser rangefinders which allow it to determine its altitude and

[00:23:11] horizontal velocity weren't working properly and the team pressed nasa's experimental

[00:23:17] ndl payload into surface for this vital function pushing the landing try back by two hours to

[00:23:25] put a new plan into action this last minute work around which required the team to design the software

[00:23:31] patch on the ground and beam it up to odysseus did the trick and at 6 11 p.m eastern standard time

[00:23:38] odysseus fired up the main engine for a crucial 11 minute burn that slowed the craft's descent

[00:23:43] down toward the loose lunar surface then at 6 23 p.m eastern standard time odysseus touched

[00:23:50] down softly near the rim of the crater mallapur a about 190 miles or 300 kilometers from the

[00:23:58] lunar south pole now success wasn't immediately apparent however it took about 15 tense minutes

[00:24:04] for the i am 1 team to latch on to odysseus's signal what we can confirm without doubt is our

[00:24:11] equipment is on the surface of the moon and we are transmitting mission director tim crane said

[00:24:17] after that milestone moment odysseus has found his new home if all goes according to plan the

[00:24:24] lander and its payloads will now operate for about seven earth days on the lunar surface i am

[00:24:30] one will end when the sun goes down at mallapur a the odysseus was not designed to survive in

[00:24:36] the bitter cold of the long lunar night it takes the moon more than 27 earth days to

[00:24:41] rotate once on its axis so each lunar night lasts roughly two weeks i am one is part of a

[00:24:47] newly energised march to the moon for example pittsburgh company astro botic launched its

[00:24:52] peregrine lunar lander last month on the first flight of united launchers vulcan central rocket

[00:24:58] but peregrine also carried nasa payloads via the clps program suffered a crippling fuel leak

[00:25:06] just after deploying from the rocket's upper stage the problem prevented peregrine from making it to

[00:25:11] the moon and astro botic ultimately steered it into a controlled demise in earth's atmosphere on january

[00:25:17] 18 two other probe private moon landers made it to the lune orbit orbit recently the israeli

[00:25:24] bearish sheet probe and the hakuto r which was built by tokyo based company ispace still

[00:25:31] neither one could take the next step bear sheet crashed in during its landing attempt in on april

[00:25:39] 2019 and hakuto r suffered the same fate in april 2023 national governments are increasingly shooting

[00:25:46] for the moon as well last august for instance india put its robotic chandrayan 3 mission down

[00:25:51] near the land lunar south pole and just last last month japan landed its own moon probe

[00:25:57] called slim it was the first such success for each nation they've now joined the luna party which all

[00:26:03] already included soviet union the us and china and some of these countries have even bigger

[00:26:09] lunar ambitions there's the us with its arthomas program of course but china also aims to put

[00:26:15] astronauts on the moon by 2030 and is working with russia and several other nations to develop

[00:26:21] a lunar outpost later that decade as well india meanwhile has said it wants to put

[00:26:28] boots down on earth's natural satellite in 2040 or thereabouts some politicians have

[00:26:34] characterized this planned activity as a new moon race a competition between the us and china

[00:26:39] for the right to establish precedents and norms of behavior in the high frontier

[00:26:44] exploration advocates however tend to see the rosy aside stressing the coming exploitation

[00:26:50] of lunar resources that could help humanity extend its footprint out into the solar system

[00:26:56] for the first time either way the moon is coming into sharper focus for the nations and businesses

[00:27:02] around the world it's going to get busier and busier so how about that hally a er s2 has come

[00:27:12] down and Odysseus on the moon so essentially an umbrella won't help and a big sheet of steel

[00:27:17] won't protect you either from a falling satellite the size of a bus no but you were listening the

[00:27:23] chances of being hit are so small that for you i'm totally fine i'm just electrons and light

[00:27:30] okay you're going to need a concrete raincoat i think oh heli i think uh they know how to

[00:27:35] bring these old crates down safely honestly i'm in more danger crossing the road what

[00:27:41] from satellites no from cars why would cars fall from the sky when you're crossing the road

[00:27:47] hally have you checked your power cells today oh dear i'm being silly in public aren't i

[00:27:53] say see you later hally see you later hally and just like that it's all over for another episode

[00:27:58] of our podcast once again thank you for joining us on a stormy daily i'll look forward to catching

[00:28:03] you all next time bye for now